Jun
29
Patient Information Before Taking Effexor
June 29, 2011 | Leave a Comment
Effexor Precautions:
Before taking Effexor tell your doctor if you have an allergic reaction. Your doctor or pharmacist if you have about your health problems, to provide health care, especially if you have problems such as personal or family history of mental disorder (eg, bipolar / manic-depressive disorder), personal and family history of suicide attempts bleeding, loss of body water (dehydration), glaucoma, high blood pressure, heart problems (eg, irregular heartbeat, chest pain, heart failure, stroke), disorders, thyroid problems, high cholesterol, kidney disease, illness liver, low blood sodium (eg, hyponatremia). This drug may make you dizzy or drowsy. Use caution while driving, using machinery, or any other activity that requires alertness. Avoid drinking alcohol. Older people are more sensitive to side effects from medications. Older people are more likely to lose too much salt (hyponatremia) of the body, especially if they also take “water pills” (diuretics) with this medication. In children, the drug can affect the height and weight. Consult your doctor or pharmacist for more information. Effexor is not recommended for use during pregnancy. It may harm an unborn baby. In addition, children born to mothers who used the drug during the last 3 months of pregnancy may rarely develop symptoms such as feeding problems / labored breathing, seizures, muscle stiffness, and constant crying. If you notice any of these symptoms in your newborn, tell your doctor immediately. If you are planning pregnancy, become pregnant, and think about it, immediately discuss the benefits and risks of using this medication during pregnancy with your doctor. This medication passes into breast milk and may have undesirable effects on infants. Breast-feeding is not recommended while using effexor. Consult your doctor before breast-feeding.
Buy generic Effexor online at a cheap price without a prescription, but consult a doctor before and get full information on this popular depression treatment drug.
Tags: cheap Effexor, cheap Effexor online generic, Depression, depression treatment, depressive disorder, Effexor, effexor online, Effexor without a prescription, Effexor without a prescription amex, generic effexor, manic depressive disorder, medication, order Effexor generic no prescription, order Effexor no prescription fast, overseas pharmacy cheap Effexor, prescription, purchase cheap Effexor, suicide attemptsJun
28
Flomax (Tamsulosin)
June 28, 2011 | Leave a Comment
Buy Flomax without a prescription online at a cheap internet generic pharmacy. Cheap generic Flomax without RX is for sale on line at an affordable price to order.
Flomax is a drug prescribed for the treatment of urination problems with patients having enlarged prostate problems. Generc Flomax is for sale online without a prescription at a cheap internet discounted price. Purchase Flomax from the comfort of your home and get your meds delivered to your door within several days euther by airmail or by trackable service. Flomax order delivery is free for all the orders starting from $200. Enlarged prostate is a wide spread problem among men and Flomax (Tamsulion) is one of the mostly prescribed drugs for the treatment of it. Buy Flomax on line without rx and save time on visiting a doctor. Online price of this drug is cheap in its generic version which is the same as a brand one but you can purchase generic Flomax at affordable internet generic pharmacy low price with fast delivery and using the popular payment methods without the need to obtain a prescription.
Generic Flomax no prescription is available in the dosages 0.2 mg and 0.4 mg. The price depends on the dose (e.g. Flomax 0.2 is cheaper) as well as on the quantity of your order. The more Flomax order is the bigger discount is applied. Online pharmacy offers more discounts for any further purchases for life without the need to register or get a membership of any kind in order to buy generics on line without rs (no script).
Before you buy Flomax please consult your doctor who will provide you with detailed information on how to take Tamsulion, your personal dosage, duration of treatment as well as possible interactions, contraindications and side effects. Purchase Flomax without a prescription but consult a doctor before doing so. Good medical advise will be helpful prior to generic Flomax order.
Flomax is not the only drug to get online without rx (0.2mg and 0.4 mg). There is a list of several hundred popular medications to choose from both prescription and no prescription as well as herbal remedies. Prices are cheap, fast delivery terms are convenient, payments are reliable. More and more patients go generic today saving their money and time. Need to buy Flomax? Want to know how to order Flomax online? Purchase Flomax prostate treatment? Just follow the link below to enter cheap online pharmacy.
Enter Here to Buy Flomax (Tamsulosin)
May
30
Generic Drugs: Is There a Difference Between Generic Drugs and Brand?
May 30, 2011 | Leave a Comment
Before patients buy generic drugs online they want to know the answers to some of their questions, regarding generics. Why can one buy generic drugs cheap? Are generic drugs effective? Where can I buy generic drugs without a prescription cheap?
Today a lot of online pharmacies offer cheap generic drugs without a prescription and thousands of patients around the world take the opportunity to save on very expensive brand medications from a local pharmacy store. Generics are full analogues of brand ones, but are available to order online cheaper. Online pharmacies sell some drugs without a prescription which makes generic drugs purchase online even more convenient as you do not have to see a doctor.
Patients of all age groups and walks of life want to be treated effective and quality medicine. But here’s to suit all your medicines in different ways: some prefer to buy expensive original drugs, while others believe that lower-cost counterparts in no way inferior to well-known brands. In short, demand is there for any kind of drugs, as ill and eating a man does not stop never. What to and enjoy all kinds of pharmaceutical companies, letting the world market many drugs under various trade names.
According to recent statistics, the proportion of generic counterparts of drugs (generics) in the markets of many countries will only increase. Although the dynamics of growth is not the same: if the U.S. resorted to the use of generic drugs in approximately 15% of the treatment of diseases in Europe - 40-50%, in the post-Soviet countries - up to 80-90%. But do not be afraid of these numbers. Because generic - a quality product, which according to its pharmacological data of the original copies. The active substance in the analog and the original is absolutely identical. But the price of drugs is much different. And obviously for the benefit of generics. Why is this happening? To do this, to understand the differences in the production of both options medication.
When a pharmaceutical company synthesized a new drug, it is patent the name and performs a full spectrum of possible research - from clinical to experimental. Their progress is determined by: the exact formula, the effectiveness of the drug and all its side effects. At this preliminary stage can take up to 10 years. If we consider that a patent for the drug is given by an average of 20 years (sometimes 25), then for the remaining 10-15 years “exclusive use” producer has to invest heavily in the campaign, so with the help of massive purchases “recapture” the cost of wasted millions to test and make a profit. It is clear that the original price of such drugs will be essential.
What happens after the expiration of a patent? Right to manufacture the same drug, but under a different name may acquire any other company. Since emerging on the market, for example, not nootropil, and piracetam. This medicine is an exact copy of an analog, but since its production has already spent far less money, and it determines the selling price, which is an order of magnitude lower. So the generic - a kind of high-quality tracing paper once a patented drug, but at an affordable cost for a wide range of customers.
Dzhenericheskie drugs all over the world before they go on sale are thoroughly tested for compliance with the equivalence of the original drug. Such a study is conducted in three areas:
Pharmaceuticals - medicines should:
contain the same active ingredients;
introduced an identical manner;
be similar in concentration and its effect on the body.
Biological - the deviation between the analogs and copies are allowed no more than 15-20% of such parameters:
period of drug intake;
time to reach maximum concentration;
type and duration of excretion from the body.
Clinical - generic shall match the original for these indicators:
active substance;
security;
efficiency.
Thus, the generic is a quality drug, which contains the same active ingredient as the original drug, same adjuvants and production technology.
Summarizing the above, conclusions can be drawn: the use of generic drugs is absolutely justified, since it gives the doctor and patient choice; can treat almost all people from different walks of life, available in a price range, efficient and safe. In addition, taking a growing niche market of medicines, generic drugs stimulate the company’s original look promising new directions in drug development.
Tags: active ingredients, age groups, buy generics online, counterparts, different ways, drugs, drugs without a prescription, effectiveness, formula, GENERIC, Generic drugs, generic drugs cheap, generic drugs online, generics, Ingredients, medication, Medications, online pharmacies, online pharmacy selling generic drugs, order, pharmaceutical companies, pharmaceutical company, pharmacy, pharmacy store, prescription drugs, production, proportion, purchase generic drugs, quality medicine, quality product, Research, soviet countries, substance, trade names, Treatment, world marketMay
21
Tenormin (Atenolol)
May 21, 2011 | Leave a Comment
Tenormin (Atenolol)
Buy Tenormin (Atenolol) generic at online no prescription pharmacy. No rx cheap price Tenormin 100 mg and Tenormin 25 and 50 mg on line without a prescription, Order safely online Tenormin at low price, fast delivery worldwide, visa, mastercard, amex, affordable blood pressure drug Atenolol
Generic Name: Atenolol
Brand Name: Tenormin
Generic Ingredients: Tenormin + Chlorthalidone Tenoretic
Generic Ingredient: Nebivolol Systolic
Type of Drug: Beta-adrenergic blocking agent.
Prescribed For: Tenormin alone or in combination is prescribed for high blood pressure, abnormal heart rhythms, angina pectoris, and prevention of second heart attack and migraine. It is also usedto treat alcohol withdrawal, stage Ifight, and other anxieties. Nebivolol is currently approved only to treat high blood pressure. Both are used together with other blood-pressure-lowering medications.
You can buy Tenormin online from a reliable generic pharmacy with fast and secure shipping and all the convenient payment methods such as visa, master card, debit cards and amex (american express). Tenormin online is cheaper than offline and you will be able to save up to 85% buying Tenormin online without a prescription. Yes, there is no rx requirements to buy Tenormin online, no need to visit a doctor or even go to your local pharmacy. You can order this drug from the comfort of your home without a prescripto cheap. Generic Tenormin (Atenol) is the same drud as brand Tenormin but manufactured by other companies than the brand one. Actually generic Tenormin is produced by all the pharmacy compaies except one which had launched it to the market, because a generic drug is always the same drug, but produced by any company except its original inventor. Cheap generic Tenormin is easy to order online in any quantity you require for your treatment. Note that the dosage of Tenormin pills that you purchase as well as the quantity of your order affect your order price. The more pills you buy, the bigger discount is applied. International online generic pharmacy offers further discounts for all the returning customers who buy cheap generic drugs from it. In case you order cheap generic Tenormin and then want to buy a refill or purchase any other drug from the huge list of affordable generic medications, you will get a discount as a returning customer. Buy Tenormin and other low price generics without a prescription in internet and save time and money.
Tenormin is forsale online in the following dosages: 25, 50, 100 mg. Check with your doctor before you order Tenormin what dose pills you need to take and Buy Tenormin accordingly. It isnot recommendable to cut a crash pills, that is why if you need Tenormin 25 mg, do not buy Tenormin 25 mg planning to devide it into 4 parts. No prescription needed to buy Tenormin on line as well as other drug. Take an advantage of secure and convenient internet shopping for generic medications.
General Information
Tenormin is one of many beta-adrenergic blocking drugs, or beta blockers and primarily blocks the beta, receptor. Nebivolol blocks both the beta, and beta, receptors when taken at high doses by people whose liver breaks down the drug more slowly than average. These drugs interfere with the action of adrenaline and other chemicals in the body that affect many body functions. Individual beta blockers have different characteristics that can make them more suitable for certain conditions or people.
When used to treat high blood pressure, Tenormin may be used either alone or concurrently with other antihypertensive drugs, particularly with a thiazide-type diuretic.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take these drugs it you are allergic or sensitive to any of their ingredients or to other beta blockers. People with a severe allergy to any substance may be more sensitive to that allergen while taking a beta blocker.
People with angina who take these medicines for high blood pressure risk aggravating their angina if they suddenly stop taking the drug. These people should have their drug dosage reduced gradually over 1-2 weeks.
Tenormin should not be used by those with slow heartbeat, moderate to severe heart block (a condition affecting the heart’s conduction system), congestive heart failure unless it is due to a quickened heart rate that can be treated with Tenormin, or acute heart failure.
Tenormin and nebivolol should be used with caution if you have liver or kidney disease, because your ability to eliminate these drugs from your body may be impaired. Dose adjustments may be needed.
These drugs reduce the amount of blood the heart pumps. This reduction in blood flow may aggravate the condition of people with poor circulation or circulatory disease.
If you are undergoing major surgery, your doctor may want you to stop taking these drugs at least 2 days before surgery.
If you have pheochromocytoma (adrenal gland tumor), use Tenormin with caution.
Tenormin should be usedOfti caution in those with chronic bronchitis, emphysema, or other nonallergic bronchospastic diseases.
People with a history of severe anaphylactic reaction to allergens may be unresponsive to usual doses of epinephrine while taking beta blockers.
Possible Side Effects
Tenormin
Side effects are relatively uncommon and usually mild; they usually develop early in the course of treatment and are rarely a reason to stop taking Tenormin.
Most common: impotence.
Less common: unusual tiredness or weakness, slow heartbeat, heart failure (symptoms include swelling of the legs, ankles, or feet), dizziness, breathing difficulties, bronchospasm, depression, confusion, anxiety, nervousness, sleeplessness, disorientation, short-term memory loss, emotional instability, cold hands and feet, constipation, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, upset stomach, increased sweating, urinary difficulties, cramps, blurred vision, rash, hair loss, stuffy nose, facial swelling, itching, chest pain, back or joint pain, colitis, drug allergy (symptoms include fever and sore throat), and liver toxicity.
Rare: lupus erythematosus (chronic condition affecting the body’s connective tissue). Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Drug Interactions
• Tenormin may interact with surgical anesthetics to increase the risk of heart problems during surgery. Some anesthesiologists recommend gradually stopping the drug by 2 days before surgery.
• Tenormin may interfere with the normal signs of low blood sugar and with oral antidiabetic drugs.
• Tenormin increases the blood-pressure-lowering effects of
other blood-pressure-reducing agents, including clonidine,
guanabenz, and reserpine; and calcium channel blockers,such as nifedipine.
• Aspirin-containing drugs, indomethacin, and sulfinpyrazone may interfere with the blood-pressure-lowering effect of atenoloi.
• Cocaine may reduce the effectiveness of all beta blockers.
• Tenormin may worsen the problem of cold hands and feet associated with taking ergot alkaloids, used to treat migraine. Gangrene is a possibility in people taking both anergot and Tenormin.
• Tenormin will counteract thyroid hormone replacements.
• Calcium channel blockers, diphenhydramine, flecainide, hydralazine, contraceptive drugs, propafenone, haloperidol, phenothiazine sedatives—molindone and others—quinolone antibacterials, and quinidine may increase the amount of Tenormin in the bloodstream and lead to increased Tenormin effects.
• Tenormin should not be taken within 2 weeks of taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAGI) antidepressant.
• Cimetidine increases the amount of Tenormin absorbed into the bloodstream from oral tablets.
• Tenormin may interfere with the effectiveness of some anti-asthma drugs, including theophylline and aminophylline, and especially ephedrine and isoproterenol.
• Combining Tenormin with phenytoin or digitalis drugs may result in excessive slowing of the heart, possibly causing heart block (disruption of the electrical impulses that control heart rate).
• If you stop smoking while taking Tenormin, your dose may have to be reduced because your liver will break down the drug more slowly.
• Aluminum salts, barbiturates, calcium salts, cholestyramine, colestipol, ampicillin, and rifampin may reduce the effectiveness of Tenormin.
• Beta blockers may increase the effects of gabapentin, lidocaine, or prazosin, leading to undesirable reactions or toxicity.
• Beta blockers may block the effects of epinephrine.
• Fluoxetine, paroxetine, bupropion, propafenone, quinidine, duloxetine, and terbinafine can substantially increase the amount of nebivolol in the blood by interfering with its breakdown by liver enzymes. Amiodarone, cimetidine, and sertraline also have this interaction but the effect is smaller. Avoid these combinations.
• Other drugs that can increase nebivolol levels but to a much smaller extent are antihistamines, celecoxib, chlorpheniramine, chlorpromazine, citalopram, clemastine, clomipramine, diphenhydramine, doxepin, doxorubicin, escitalopram, halotantrine, histamine, hydroxyzine, levomepromazine, methadone, metoclopramide, mibefradil, midodrine, moclobemide, perphenazine, ranitidine, haloperidol, ritonavir, ticlopidine, and tripelennamine.
• Dexamethasone, rifampin, and sildenafil reduce blood levels of nebivolol but the combined effect on blood pressure is moderate.
Food Interactions
These drugs may be taken without regard to food or meals.
Usual Dose:
Tenormin
Adult: 50 mg a day. Some people may require doses of 100-200 mg a day. Dosages over 100 mg a day are not likely to produce additional benefit to those being treated for hypertension. People with kidney disease may need only 50 mg every other day. Older adults should be treated more cautiously and may need a lower dose.
Child: not recommended.
Overdosage
Symptoms of overdose include changes in heartbeat—unusually slow, unusually fast, or irregular—severe dizziness or fainting, breathing difficulties, bluish-colored fingernails or palms, and seizures. Heart failure and shock may also result from a beta blocker overdose. The victim should be taken to a hospital emergency room. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
These drugs are meant to be taken continuously.
When ending treatment, dosage should be reduced gradually over a period of about 2 weeks. Do not stop taking these drugs unless directed to do so by your doctor. Abrupt withdrawal may cause chest pain, breathing difficulties, increased sweating, and unusually fast or irregular heartbeat.
Call your doctor at once if you develop back or joint pain, breathing difficulties, cold hands or feet, depression, rash, or changes in heartbeat. Tenormin may produce an undesirable lowering of blood pressure, leading to dizziness or fainting; call your doctor if this happens. Call your doctor if you experience persistent or bothersome anxiety, diarrhea, constipation, impotence, headache, itching, nausea or vomiting, nightmares or vivid dreams, upset stomach, insomnia, stuffy nose, frequent urination, unusual tiredness, or weakness.
Tenormin may cause drowsiness, lightheadedness, dizziness, or blurred vision. Be careful when driving or performing complex tasks.
It is best to take beta blockers at the same time each day. If you forget a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If you take nebivolol and do not remember until your next dose, continue with your regular schedule. If you take Tenormin once a day and it is within 8 hours of your next dose, skip the dose you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. If you take Tenormin twice a day and it is within 4 hours of your next dose, skip the one you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Never take a double dose of Tenormin or nebivolol.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/breast-feeding: Infants born to women who took a beta blocker while pregnant had lower birth weights, low blood pressure, and reduced heart rates. These drugs should be avoided by pregnant women and women who might become pregnant while taking them.
Tenormin and nebivolol pass into breast milk. Nursing mothers should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors taking Tenormin should use the lowest effective dose as this group is more likely to have decreased heart, kidney, and liver function, and to be taking additional medications. Dosage adjustment of nebivolol is not necessary in seniors.
Purchase generic Tenormin from generic pharmacy without a prescription cheap. No need visiting a doctor to ask for your Atenolol prescription. Tenormin 25, 50, 100 mg pills cost is considerably lower online and you can order them without rx.
Tags: american express, amex, antihistamine, atenol, atenolol, Atenolol 100 mg, Atenolol 25 mg, Atenolol 50 mg, buy cheap Atenolol, buy cheap Tenormin online pharmacy, buy cheap Tenormin without rx, cheap Tenormin online, cheap Tenormin online order, effectiveness, Generic drugs, generic ingredients, generic medications, generic name, get cheap Tenormin, high blood pressure, medication, metoclopramide, need to buy Tenormin online, no prescriptionTenormin, no rx cheap Tenormin, order cheap Tenormin Atenolol, order Tenormin no prescription fast, order Tenormin without prescription, purchase, purchase cheap Tenormin Atenolol, purchasing Tenormin online, tenormin, Tenormin 100 mg, Tenormin 25 mg, Tenormin 50 mg, Tenormin online fast delivery, Tenormin online visa, visa master card, want to buy Tenormin onlineAug
12
Dicyclomine - Digoxin - Diltiazem
August 12, 2009 | Leave a Comment
Generic Name
Dicyclomine (dih-SYE-kloe-meen) 10j
Brand Names
Bemote Dilomine
Bentyl Di-Spaz
Bycloft),e Or-Tyl Dibent
Type of Drug
Antispasmodic and anticholinergic.
Prescribed For
Irritable bowel, spastic colon, and similar digestive problems; also prescribed for colic in children over age 6 months.
General Information
Dicyclomine hydrochloride has been used for many years to calm “nervous stomach.” It and other anticholinergics work by blocking the effects of the neurohormone acetylcholine in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This reduces the mobility of the GI tract and slows the production of enzymes and other secretions.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take dicyclomine if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients.
Dicyclomine should not be used by those with obstructive disease of the GI or urinary tract, severe ulcerative colitis, reflux esophagitis, acute bleeding with unstable heart function, myasthenia gravis, or glaucoma.
Dicyclomine should not be used in infants less than age 6 months or by breastfeeding mothers.
This drug should be used with caution if you have heart disease, Down’s syndrome, spastic paralysis, reduced mobility of the stomach and lower esophagus, fever, urinary difficulties, enlarged prostate, hiatal hernia, intestinal paralysis, kidney or liver disease, rapid heartbeat, hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland), high blood pressure, or ulcerative colitis.
Dicyclomine reduces your ability to sweat and may lead to heat exhaustion and heatstroke, which can be life-threatening. Avoid extended heavy exercise and limit your exposure to high temperatures.
Anticholinergenic psychosis has been reported by those taking anticholinergenics, but it usually resolves within 24 hours after discontinuation of the drug.
Possible Side EfferkS
♦ Common: dry mouth, dizziness, blurred vision, nausea, and lightheadedness.
V Less common: drowsiness, weakness, nervousness, constipation, and decreased sweating.
Possible Side Effects (continued)
♦ Rare: drug allergy (symptoms include rash, itching, lives,
and breathing difficulties), confusion, eye pain, dizziness
when rising quickly from a sitting or lying position, a bloated
feeling, difficult or painful urination, headache, memory
loss, and vomiting. Contact your doctor if you experience
any side effect not listed above.
Drug Interactions
• Antacids containing calcium or magnesium, citrates, sodium bicarbonate, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor drugs may increase dicyclomine’s therapeutic effect and side effects.
• Combining dicyclomine with other anticholinergic drugs including atropine, belladonna, clidinium, glycopyrrolate, hyoscyamine, isopropamide, propantheline, and scopolamine may intensify side effects.
• Dicyclomine may reduce stomach acidity and blood levels of oral ketoconazole (an antifungal).
• Dicyclomine may decrease the therapeutic effects of anti-glaucoma medications. Taking dicyclomine with corticosteroids used to treat glaucoma may be hazardous.
• Dicyclomine may counteract the effect of metoclopramide in reducing nausea and vomiting.
• Taking dicyclomine with a narcotic pain reliever may cause severe constipation.
• Taking this or any drug that slows the movement of stomach and intestinal muscles with a potassium chloride supplement –especially one in wax-matrix tablet form—may lead to excessive irritation of the stomach.
• Combining dicyclomine with amantadine, certain drugs to control heart rhythm, antihistamines, nitrates or nitrites, may increase dicyclomine side effects.
• Dicyclomine may increase the effects of atenolol and digoxin.
• Pftn0hiazine drugs, monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and tricyclic antidepressants may increase side effects of dicyclomine. The effectiveness of phenothiazines to control psychotic symptoms may be decreased.
Food Interactions
Take dicyclomine on an empty stomach, a half hour before or 2 hours after a meal.
Usual Dose
Adult: 80-160 mg a day in 4 divided doses. Seniors should receive the lowest possible dosage and increase only as needed. Child (age 2 and over): 5-10 mg 3-4 times a day.
Child (age 6 months-2 years): 5-10 mg of syrup 3-4 times a day. Child (under 6 months): not recommended.
Overdosage
Symptoms include blurred vision; clumsiness; confusion; breathing difficulties; dizziness; drowsiness; dry mouth, nose, or throat; rapid heartbeat; fever; hallucinations; weakness; slurred speech; excitement, restlessness, or irritability; warmth; and dry or flushed skin. Take the victim to a hospital emergency room at once. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
Children taking dicyclomine may be more likely to develop high body temperature in hot weather and other side effects and should be carefully watched for side effects. Dicyclomine should not be given to infants or children unless the doctor decides that its use is absolutely necessary.
Call your doctor if you develop diarrhea, rash, flushing, eye pain, dry mouth, urinary difficulties, constipation, increased sensitivity to light, or any bothersome or persistent side effect.
Brush and floss your teeth regularly while taking this drug. Because dicyclomine may cause dry mouth, you may be more likely to develop cavities or other dental problems. Ice or hard candy may relieve dry mouth.
Constipation may be treated by using a laxative.
Dicyclomine may make you drowsy or tired and cause blurred vision. Be careful when driving or doing any task that requires concentration.
If you forget take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the dose you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: A few cases of human malformation were linked to dicyclomine, but studies have shown that the drug has no effect on the fetus. When this drug is considered crucial by your doctor, its potential benefits must be carefully weighed against its risks.
Dicyclomine can reduce the amount of milk produced. Infants given dicyclomine may faint, go limp, and develop breathing problems and seizures. Nursing mothers who must take this drug should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors may be more susceptible to side effects, especially memory loss, changes in mental state, and glaucoma. Seniors may obtain maximum benefit with smaller dosages.
Generic Name
Digoxin (dih-JOX-in) A
Brand Names Digitek
Lanoxicaps
Lanoxin
Type of Drug Cardiac glycoside.
Prescribed For
Congestive heart failure (CHF) and other heart conditions involving a very rapid heartbeat.
General Information
Digoxin works directly on heart muscle. It improves the heart’s pumping ability or helps to control its beating rhythm. People with heart failure often develop swelling of the lower legs, feet, and ankles; digoxin improves these symptoms by improving blood cir-
Digoxin is generally used as part of the lifelong treatment of CHF.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not use digoxin if you are allergic or sensitive to it. Digoxin allergies are rare.
Digoxin should not be used in people with ventricular fibril-
lation.
Digoxin should be used with caution in people with sick sinus
syndrome or incomplete AV block, as it may cause a worsening of these conditions.
Digoxin has been used to treat obesity. The risk of fatal heart rhythms associated with such treatment makes it extremely dangerous as weight-loss medication. Many heart disease symptoms may be associated with digoxin. Report any unusual side effects to your doctor at once.
Kidney disease may increase blood levels of digoxin. Your dosage may need adjustment.
Long-term use of digoxin may cause the body to lose potassium, especially since it is generally used in combination with diuretics (agents that increase urination). For this reason, be sure to eat a balanced diet and high-potassium foods—bananas, citrus fruits, melons, and tomatoes.
Digoxin should be used with caution in people with electrolyte disorders.
Digoxin requirements vary with thyroid status. If you are taking digoxin and your thyroid status changes, your doctor will have to alter your digoxin dosage.
Possible Side Effects
Adult and Senior
♦ Common: dizziness, headache, nausea, and diarrhea.
✓ Less common: appetite loss, vomiting, weakness, apathy, drowsiness, blurred or yellow-tinted vision, seeing halos around bright lights, depression, psychoses, confusion or disorientation, restlessness, hallucinations, delirium, seizure, nerve pain, abnormal heart rhythms, and slow pulse.
✓ Rare: Enlargement of the breasts has been reported after long-term use of digoxin. Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Child
T Children are more likely to develop abnormal heart rhythms before they see yellow or green halos or spots and before they develop nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or stomach pain. Any abnormal heart rhythms that develop while a child is taking digoxin should be assumed to be a side effect.
Drug Interactions
• Drugs that may increase the effect of digoxin are alprazolam, amiloride aminoglycoside antibiotics, amiodarone, anticholinergic drugs, benzodiazepines, captopril, clarithromycin, diltiazem, diphenoxylate, dipyridamole, erythromycin, esmolol, felodipine, flecainide, hydroxychloroquine, ibuprofen, indomethacin, itraconazole, nifedipine, nitrendipine, omeprazole, propafenone, propantheline, quinidine, quinine, spironolactone, tetracycline, tolbutamide, triamterene, and verapamil.
• Drugs that may decrease blood levels of digoxin include aminoglutethimide, aminoglycosides, aminosalicylic acid, antacids, anti-cancer combinations, antidiabetes medication, antihistamines, barbiturates, cholestyramine, colestipol, cyclosporine, kaolin-pectin mixtures, metoclopramide, oral kanamycin, oral neomycin, oral sulfonylureas, phenylbutazone, phenytoin and related anti-seizure drugs, rifampin, St. John’s wort, sucralfate, and sulfasalazine.
• Disopyramide may alter the effects of digoxin, although the exact interaction is not well understood.
• Thiazide and loop diuretics, furosemide, ethacrynic acid, and bumetanide increase digoxin’s effect and increase the risk of side effects.
• Spironolactone may increase or decrease the side effects of digoxin; amiloride may reduce the effect of digoxin on the force of heart contraction.
• The effects of digoxin on the heart may be additive to those of ephedrine, epinephrine and other stimulants, beta blockers, calcium salts, procainamide, and rauwolfia drugs.
• Digoxin dosage must be adjusted when it is combined with a thyroid drug.
Food Interactions
These drugs may generally be taken without regard to meals. Taking your medication after a high-fiber meal reduces the amourxtcil drug absorbed into your blood.
Usual OQSS
Adult and Child (age 10 and over): starting dosage—known as the digitalizing or loading dose—is about 4-7 mcg per lb. of body weight. Digitalization may also be accomplished with a lower dosage over 7 days. Maintenance dosage 0.125-0.5 mg; it must be corrected for kidney function. For seniors, a lower dosage is required.
Child (under age 1o): starting dosage-5-30 mcg per lb. of body weight. Maintenance dosage-20-35% of the starting dosage. Careful measurement of your child’s digoxin dosage is crucial to safe and effective treatment.
Overdosage
Adult: Symptoms include appetite loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, weakness, apathy, blurred vision, yellow or green spots or halos before the eyes, yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, and changes in heartbeat.
Senior: Vomiting, diarrhea, and eye trouble are frequently seen. Child: An early sign is a change in heart rhythms.
Call your doctor immediately if any of these symptoms appear. Take the victim to a hospital emergency room. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
Take each day’s dose at the same time of day.
Do not stop taking digoxin without your doctor’s knowledge.
Lanoxicaps are better absorbed than tablet forms of digoxin. For this reason, each dose of Lanoxicaps is slightly lower than the corresponding digoxin tablet.
Avoid over-the-counter diet and cold medications containing stimulants.
Call your doctor at once if you develop side effects.
There may by some variation between digoxin tablets from different manufacturers. Do not change drug brands without telling your doctor.
Check your pulse every day—your doctor will teach you how—and call your doctor if it drops below 60 beats per minute.
If you forget a dose and remember at least 12 hours before your next dose, take it right away. If you do not remember until it is less than 12 hours before your next dose, skip the one you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Do “lot take a double dose. Call your doctor if you M1 a dose for 2 or more days.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: Digoxin crosses into the fetal circulation. While digoxin is sometimes used during pregnancy to treat fetal heart disease, women who are or might be pregnant should not take digoxin without their doctor’s approval. When your doc-tor considers this drug crucial, its potential benefits must be care-
fully weighed against its risks.
Small amounts of digoxin pass into breast milk. Nursing mothers who take digoxin should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors are more sensitive to digoxin’s effects, especially appetite loss. Seniors with impaired renal function may need lower
dosages.
Generic Name
Diltiazem (dil-TYE-uh-zem) 92
Brand Names
Cardizem Dilt-CD
Cardizem CD Diltia XT
Cardizem LA Diltzac
Cartia XT Taztia XT
Dilator XR Tiazac
Type of Drug
Calcium channel blocker.
Prescribed For
Angina pectoris, chronic stable angina, Raynaud’s disease, prevention of second heart attacks, tardive dyskinesia (severe side effects associated with antipsychotic and other drugs), and hypertension (high blood pressure).
General Information
Diltiazem hydrochloride is one of many calcium channel blockers available in the U.S. These drugs block the passage of calcium, an essential factor in muscle contraction, into the heart and smooth muscles. Such blockage of calcium interferes with the contraction of these muscles, which in turn dilates (widens) the veins and ves sels that supply blood to them. This ditatk”q effect reduces blood pressure, the amount 0 Oxygen used by the heart muscle, and the ~1A 0 blood vessel spasm. Diltiazem is therefore useful in treating not only hypertension but also angina pectoris, a condition related to poor oxygen supply to the heart muscle and characterized by brief attacks of chest pain.
Diltiazem affects the movement of calcium only into muscle cells; it has no effect on calcium in the blood.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take d,1taz&m1f you are allergic or sensitive to any of its
ingredients.
Diltiazem can slow your heart and interfere with normal electrical conduction. For people with a condition called sick sinus syndrome, this can result in temporary heart stoppage.
Diltiazem should not be taken if you are having a heart attack or if you have lung congestion. Diltiazem should be taken with caution by people with heart failure because it can worsen that condition.
Low blood pressure may occur, especially in people also taking a beta blocker.
Studies have shown that people taking calcium channel blockers—usually those taken several times a day, not those taken once daily—have a greater chance of having a heart attack than people taking beta blockers or another medicine for the same purposes. Discuss this with your doctor to be sure you are receiving the best possible treatment.
Diltiazem can cause severe liver damage and should be taken with caution if you have had hepatitis or any other liver condition.
Caution should also be exercised if you have a history of kidney problems, although no clear tendency toward causing kidney damage is seen with this drug.
Possible Side Effects
♦ Common: dizziness, lightheadedness, weakness, head-
ache, and fluid accumulation in the hands, legs, or feet.
✓ Less common: low blood pressure, fainting, increase or decrease in heart rate, abnormal heart rhythm, heart failure, nervousness, fatigue, nausea, rash, tingling in the hands or feet, hallucinations, temporary memory loss, difficulty sleeping, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, upset stomach, itching, unusual sensitivity to sunlight, paxnlu) or stiff joints, liver inflammation, and increased urination, especially at night.
Drug Interactions
• Diltiazem taken with a beta-blocking drug for hypertension is usually well tolerated, but may lead to heart failure in people with already weakened hearts.
• Calcium channel blockers, including diltiazem, may add to
the effects of digoxin. This effect is not observed with any
consistency, however, and only affects people with a large
amount of digoxin already in their systems.
• Cimetidine and ranitidine increase the amount of diltiazem in the bloodstream and may account for a slight increase in the drug’s effect.
• Diltiazem may increase blood levels of cyclosporine, carbamazepine, encainide, and theophylline, and thus increase the chance of side effects from these drugs.
• Diltiazem may cause a decrease in blood lithium levels, possibly undermining lithium’s antimanic effect.
• Calcium channel blockers may cause bleeding when taken alone or combined with aspirin.
Food Interactions
Diltiazem is best taken on an empty stomach, at least 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals.
Usual Dose
Immediate-Release Products 30-60 mg 4 times a day.
Sustained-Release/Extended-Release Products Cardizem CD: 120-480 mg once a day. Cardizem LA: 120-540 mg once a day. Cartia XT: 120-300 mg once a day. Dilacor XR: 180-480 mg once a day. Dilt-CD: 120-360 mg once a day. Diltia XT: 180-480 mg once a day. Diltzac: 120-360 mg once a day. Taztia XT: 120-150 mg once a day. Tiazac: 120-360 mg once a day.
Overdosage
Symptoms of diltiazem overdose are very low blood pressure and reduced heart rate. Overdose victims must be made to vomit with 1J)8C2c syrup—available at any pharmacy—within 30 minutes of taking the overdose. Do not induce vomiting if the victim has fainted or is convulsing. If overdose symptoms have developed or more than 30 minutes have passed, vomiting is of little value. Take the victim to a hospital emergency room immediately. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special information
Call your doctor if you develop any of the following symptoms! swelling of the hands, legs, or feet-, severe dizziness; constipation or nausea; or very low blood pressure.
Do not open, chew, or crush sustained-release capsules of
diltiazem.
If you take your diltiazem 3 or 4 times a day and forget a dose, take it as soon as you remember. Space the remaining doses throughout the rest of the day. If you take diltiazem 1 or 2 times a day and forget to take a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the one you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Never take a double dose.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: In animal studies. high doses of diltiazem interfered with the development of the fetus. Diltiazem should not be taken by women who are or might be pregnant. When your doctor considers this drug crucial, its potential benefits must be carefully weighed against its risks.
Because diltiazem passes into breast milk, nursing mothers taking this drug should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors may be more sensitive to the effects of this drug because it takes longer to pass out of their bodies.
Aug
1
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
August 1, 2009 | Leave a Comment
Type of Drug
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
(KO-lin-ESS-tuh -rase)
Brand Names
Generic Ingredient.- Donepezil
Aricept Aricept ODT
Generic Ingredient: Galantamine
Razadyne Razadyne ER
Generic Ingredient: Rivastigmine
Exelon Exelon Transdermal System
Generic Ingredient: Tacrine Cognex
Prescribed For
Alzheimer’s disease. Also used for vascular dementia, dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease, poststroke aphasia (problems with language), and improvement of memory in multiple sclerosis patients.
General Information
Cholinesterase inhibitors work by increasing the function of certain receptors in the brain that are stimulated by the hosmone acetylcholine. They do t.Ns by interfering with cholinesterase, the 1617yme that breaks down acetylcholine. People with Alzheimer’s disease (a degenerative condition of the central nervous system) develop a shortage of this brain chemical early in the disease. There is no evidence that cholinesterase inhibitors reverse the degenerative effects of Alzheimer’s, but they may slow the rate at which the disease worsens.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take cholinesterase inhibitors if you are allergic or sensitive to any of their ingredients.
Cholinesterase inhibitors must be discontinued before surgery because they increase the effects of anesthetic drugs.
People with heart disease should use cholinesterase inhibitors with caution because they may slow heart rate and cause fainting. Two studies of people with mild symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease taking galantamine revealed a higher rate of death from heart attack, stroke, or sudden death.
Cholinesterase inhibitors may be expected to cause increased stomach acid production and increased activity of the gastrointestinal tract. Possible complications include ulcers or bleeding. Alcohol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen may worsen this effect.
Using cholinesterase inhibitors may also lead to urinary blockage, increase the risk of generalized seizures, and worsen asthma or other pulmonary diseases. Use with caution if you have these conditions.
People with severe liver dysfunction should not take galantamine or tacrine.
Possible Side Effects
People taking cholinesterase inhibitors generally experience side effects at about the same rate as those taking a placebo (sugar pill).
♦ Most common: headache, general pain, accidents, nausea, diarrhea, sleeplessness, and dizziness.
✓ Common: tiredness, vomiting, appetite loss, and muscle cramps.
♦ Less common: arthritis, depression, abnormal dreams, fainting, black-and-blue marks, and weight loss.
✓ Rare: Rare side effects can occur in almost any part of the body. Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Drug Interactions
• Cholinesterase inhibitors interfere with anticholinergic drugs (often prescribed for stomach disorders).
• Cholinesterase inhibitors can be expected to increase the ef-
fects of cevimeline, surgical anesthetic drugs, and drugs that
irritate the stomach and intestines, such as aspirin, ibupro-
fen, and other NSAIDs.
• The breakdown of cholinesterase inhibitors (except rivastigmine) in the liver can be slowed by ketoconazole, itraconazole, quinidine, delavirdine, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, amiodarone, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, clarithromycin, diltiazem, erythromycin, fluconazole, fluvoxamine, celecoxib, chlorpheniramine, clomipramine, cocaine, doxorubicin, fluoxetine, halofantrine, halopendol, levopromazine, methadone, mibefradil, paroxetine, ranitidine, terbinafine, mifepristone, nefazodone, and grapefruit juice.
• The breakdown of cholinesterase inhibitors (except rivastigmine) in the liver can be increased by efavirenz, nevirapine, barbiturates, carbamazepine, corticosteroids, phenytoin, pioglitazone, and rifampin.
Food Interactions
Donepezil can be taken with or without food.
Galantamine and rivastigmine should be taken with morning and evening meals.
The rivastigmine transdermal system patch can be used without regard to meals.
Food reduces the absorption of tacrine into the blood. It is best taken on an empty stomach, but you can take it with food if it upsets your stomach.
Usual Dose
Donepezil
Adult: 5 or 10 mg once a day.
Galantamine
Adult: 8-32 mg a day.
Rivastigmine
Adult: 3-12 mg a day, divided into 2 doses.
RiVUtq1M&A0Y2nsdermaI patch
Adult: Apply one 4.6-mg patch every day to start. Dose may be increased to one 9.5-mg patch every day.
Tacrine
Adult: 40-160 mg a day, divided into 4 doses.
Overdosage
Cholinesterase inhibitor overdose can be very serious. Symptoms include severe nausea, vomiting, salivation, sweating, slow heart rate, low blood pressure, slow breathing rate, convulsions, muscle weakness, and collapse. Take the overdose victim to a hospital emergency room at once. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
Donepezil should be taken just before bedtime.
Follow the special package directions for rivastigmine solution.
Do not remove the rivastigmine patch from its packaging until just before you are ready to apply it. Apply the patch to clean, dry, and hairless skin on the upper or lower back, upper arm, or chest that is also free of any powder, oil, moisturizer, or lotion that could keep the patch from sticking to your skin properly; skin should also be free of cuts, rashes, and irritations. Avoid places where the patch can be rubbed off by tight clothing. When changing your patch, apply your new patch to a different spot of skin (for example, on the right side of your body one day, then on the left side the next day). Do not use the same spot more than once every 14 days. Wear only one patch at a time and change it every.24 hours. If the patch falls off, apply a new patch for the rest of the day, then replace the patch the next day at the same time as usual.
Tobacco or nicotine use increases the rate at which tacrine and rivastigmine are cleared from the body.
If you forget a dose and take your medication once a day, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the dose you forgot and continue with the regular schedule. If you take your medication 2 or more times a day, take your dose as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the dose you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: One animal study of a cholinesterase inhibitor indicated a small risk of birth defects. When your doctor considers this drug crucial, its potential benefits must be carefully weighed against its risks.
It is not known if cholinesterase inhibitors pass into breast milk. Nursing mothers who must take this drug should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors with moderate kidney function loss should not take galantamine. Dosage adjustments are not needed for donepezil, tacrine, or rivastigmine.
Aug
1
Cholestyramine
August 1, 2009 | Leave a Comment
Generic Name
Cholestyramine (kol-es-TYE-rah-meen) 0
Brand Names
LoCHOLEST Questran
LoCHOLEST Light Questran Light Prevalite
The information in this profile also applies to the following drugs:
Generic Ingredient: Colesevelam Hydrochloride WelChol
Generic Ingredient: Colestipol Hydrochloride Colestid
Type of Drug
Anti -hyperli pidemic (blood-fat reducer).
Prescribed For
High blood-cholesterol levels; generalized itching associated with bile duct obstruction—cholestyramine only; colitis; digitalis or thyroid overdose; and pesticide poisoning.
General Information
Cholestyramine resin lowers blood-cholesterol levels by absorbing bile acids in the bowel. Since the body uses cholesterol to make the bile acids—needed to digest fat—fat digestion can only continue by making more bile acid from blood cholesterol. This results in lower blood-cholesterol levels 4-7 days after starting cholestyramine.
Cholestyramine w3Cks entirely Within the bowel and is never absorbed into the bloodstream. Though usually given 3-4 times a day, there appears to be no advantage to taking it more often than twice a day. The cholesterol-lowering effect of cholestyramine may be increased when it is taken with an HMG-CoA inhibitor or nicotinic acid. In some kinds of hyperlipidemia, colestipol may be more effective in lowering total blood cholesterol than clofibrate.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not use cholestyramine if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients or if your bile duct is blocked. The powder form should not be taken dry; doing so may result in the inhalation of powder into your lungs or a clogged esophagus.
If you are being treated for hypothyroidism, diabetes, kidney or blood vessel disorder, obstructive liver disease, or alcholism, consult your doctor before taking cholestyramine.
Cholestyramine may cause or worsen constipation and hemorrhoids. Most constipation is mild, but some people may need to stop the medication or take less of it.
Possible Side Effects
✓ Most common: constipation, which may be severe and in rare cases result in bowel impaction. Hemorrhoids may be worsened.
♦ Less common: abdominal pain and bloating, and bleeding disorders or black-and-blue marks due to interference with the absorption of vitamin K, a necessary factor in the blood clotting process. One person developed night-blindness because the medication interfered with vitamin A absorption into the blood. Other side effects include belching, gas, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heartburn, and appetite loss. Your stool may have an unusual appearance because of a high fat level.
✓ Rare: Rare side effects can affect your mouth, stomach and intestines, muscles and joints, mental status, urinary tract, and breathing. Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Drug Interactions
O Cholestyramine interferes with the absorption of virtually all oral drugs, including acetaminophen, amiodarone, aspirin, cephalexin, chenodiol, clindamycin, clofibrate, contraceptive drugs, corticosteroids, diclofenac, iopanoic acid, iron, digitalis drugs, furosemide, gemfibrozil, glipizide, hydrocortisone, imipramine (an antidepressant), methyldopa, mycophenolate, nicotinic acid, penicillin, phenobarbital, phenytoin, piroxicam, propranolol, tetracycline, thiazide diuretics, thyroid drugs, tolbutamide, trimethoprim, ursodiol, warfarin and other anticoagulant (blood-thinning) drugs, and vitamins A, D, E, and K. Take other medications at least 1 hour before or 4-6 hours after taking cholestyramine.
Food Interactions
Take this medication before meals. The powder may be mixed with soda, water, juice, cereal, or pulpy fruits, such as applesauce or crushed pineapple. Cholestyramine bars should be thoroughly chewed and taken with plenty of fluids. Colestipol pills are swallowed whole.
Usual Dose
Cholestyramine: 4 g (1 packet) or 1 level scoopful taken 1-2 times a day or up to 6 times a day.
Colesevelam: 6 tablets once a day or in 2 divided doses. Colestipol: 2-16 g (1-6 packets) once a day or in divided doses.
Overdosage
The most severe effect of overdose is obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract. Take the overdose victim to a hospital emergency room. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
Do not swallow the granules or powder in their dry form. Prepare each packet of powder by mixing it with soup, cereal, or pulpy fruit or by adding the powder to a 6-oz. glass of liquid, such as a carbonated beverage. If some of the drug sticks to the sides of the glass, rinse it with liquid and drink the remainder.
Constipation, gas, nausea, and heartburn may occur and then disappear with continued use of this medication. If constipation is a problem, your doctor may recommend drinking more fluids and taking a fiber supplement. Call your doctor if these side effects persist or if you develop unusual problems such as bleeding from the gums or rectum.
If you miss a dose of cholestyramine, skip it and continue with your regular scheduke. Do not take a double dose.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: While cholestyramine does not affect the fetus directly, it may prevent the absorption of vitamins A, D, and E and other nutrients essential to the fetus’ proper development–even when you take, a prenatal vitamin supplement.
When this drug is considered crucial by your doctor, its potential benefits must be carefully weighed against its risks.
Cholestyramine is not absorbed into the body. However, reduced absorption of vitamins A, D, and E and other nutrients may make your milk less nutritious. Nursing mothers who must take cholestyramine should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors are more likely to experience side effects, especially those relating to the bowel.
Aug
1
Chlorzoxazone
August 1, 2009 | Leave a Comment
Generic Name
Chlorzoxazone (klor-M-uh-zone)
Brand Names
Parafon Forte DSC Strifon Forte DSC
Type of Drug
Skeletal muscle relaxant.
Prescribed For
Pain and spasm of muscular conditions, including strain, sprain, bruising, and lower back problems.
General Information
Chlorzoxazone works primarily on the spinal cord level and on the brain, acting as a mild sedative. This results in fewer spasms, less pain, and greater mobility. Chlorzoxazone provides only temporary relief and is not a substitute for other types of therapy, such as rest, surgery, and physical therapy.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take chlorzoxazone if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients, or if you have a condition known as porphyria.
People with poor liver or kidney function should take this drug with caution because serious liver toxicity has rarely occurred in people using chlorzoxazone.
Chlorzoxazone may interact with other drugs that cause nervous system depression (see “Drug Interactions”).
Because it is possible to become dependent on this drug, people with a history of substance abuse should take chlorzoxazone with caution.
Possible Side Effects
♦ Most common: dizziness, drowsiness, lightheadedness, malaise, and aveTStimulation,
♦ Less common: headache, stomach cramps or pain, diar-
rhea, constipation, heartburn, nausea, and vomiting.
• Rare: internal bleeding, liver problems, severe allergic-type skin reactions, and breathing problems. Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Drug Interactions
• The depressive effects of chlorzoxazone may be enhanced by taking it with alcohol, sedatives, sleeping pills, or other nervous system depressants. Avoid these combinations.
Food Interactions
Take this drug with food if it upsets your stomach. The tablets may be crushed and mixed with food.
Usual Dose
Adult: 250-750 mg 3-4 times a day. Child: 125-500 mg 3-4 times a day.
Do not take more medication than is prescribed.
Overdosage
Early signs of chlorzoxazone overdose may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, drowsiness, dizziness, lightheadedness, and headache. Victims may also feel sluggish or sickly and lose the ability to move their muscles. Breathing may become slow or irregular, and blood pressure may drop. Contact a doctor immediately or go to a hospital emergency room for treatment. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
Chlorzoxazone may make you drowsy or reduce your ability to concentrate. Be extremely careful while driving or operating hazardous equipment. Avoid alcoholic beverages.
Chlorzoxazone may turn your urine orange to purple-red; this is not dangerous.
Call your doctor if you develop drowsiness, weakness, an allergic reaction, skin rash or itching, breathing difficulties, black or tarry stools, vomiting of material that resembles coffee grounds, liver problems, or any other severe or bothersome side effect.
4f you miss a dose of chlorzoxazone by more than an hour, skip the dose you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: The safety of chlorzoxazone in pregnant women has not been established. Pregnant women should only take chlorzoxazone after carefully weighing its potential benefits against its risks.
It is not known if chlorzoxazone passes into breast milk. Nursing mothers should consider using infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors, especially those with severe liver disease, are more sensitive to the effects of chlorzoxazone.
Aug
1
Chlorpheniramine Maleate
August 1, 2009 | Leave a Comment
Generic Name
Chlorpheniramine Maleate
(KLOR-ten-ERE-uh-mene MAL-ee-ate) M
Brand Names
Aller-Chlor Efidac 24
Chlor-Trimeton Pediox S
Chlor-Trimeton Allergy 8 Hour Prohist+8 Chlor-Trimeton Allergy 12 Hour QDALL AR
The information in this profile also applies to the following drugs: Generic Ingredient: Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride 0
Generic Ingredient: Dexchlorpheniramine Maleate 19
Type of Drug Antihistamine,
Prescribed For
Stuffy and runny nose, itchy eyes, and scratchy throat caused by seasonal allergy, and other symptoms of allergy such as rash, itching, and hives.
General Information
Antihistamines generally work by blocking the release of histamine (a chemical released by body tissue during an allergic reaction) from body cells at the H, histamine receptor site, drying up secretions of the nose, throat, and eyes.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not use this drug if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients.
Use chlorpheniramine maleate with care if you have a history of thyroid disease, heart disease, high blood pressure, or diabetes. This drug should be avoided or used with extreme care if you have narrow-angle glaucoma, stomach ulcer or other stomach problems, enlarged prostate, or problems passing urine. It should not be used by people who have deep-breathing problems such as asthma, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis.
Possible Side Effects
V Less common: rash or itching, sensitivity to bright light, increased sweating, chills, lowered blood pressure, headache, rapid heartbeat, sleeplessness, dizziness, disturbed coordination, confusion, restlessness, nervousness, irritability, euphoria (feeling “high”), tingling in the hands or feet, blurred or double vision, ringing in the ears, upset stomach, appetite loss, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, urinary difficulties, chest tightness, wheezing, stuffy nose, and dryness of the mouth, nose, or throat. Young children may also develop nervousness, irritability, tension, and anxiety.
Drug Interactions
• chlorpheniramine maleate should not be taken with a mono-amine oxidase inhibitQ(aMkdepiessank, because the combination may cause severe side effects.
• The effects of sedatives, benzodiazepines such as diazepam, and sleeping medications will be increased when any of these drugs is combined with chlorpheniramine maleate. It is extremely important for your doctor to know if you are taking any other medication with chlorpheniramine maleate so that the dosage of that medication can be properly adjusted.
• Anti chol inergenics may cause an increase in side effects of chlorpheniramine maleate.
• Be extremely cautious when drinking alcoholic beverages while taking this drug, which enhances the intoxicating and sedating effects of alcohol.
Food Interactions
You may take this drug with food if it upsets your stomach.
Usual Dose
chlorpheniramine
Adult and Child (age 13 and over): 4 mg every 4-6 hours; do not take more than 24 mg a day.
Child (age 6-12): 2 mg every 4-6 hours; do not take more than 12 mg a day.
Child (age 2-5): 1 mg every 4-6 hours; do not take more than 4 mg a day.
chlorpheniramine, Sustained-Release
Adult and Child (age 13 and over): 8-12 mg at bedtime, or every 8-12 hours during the day; do not take more than 24 mg a day. Child (age 6-12): 8 mg during the day or at bedtime.
Child (under age 6): not recommended.
Cyproheptadine
Adult and Child (age 15 and over): 4-20 mg a day; do not exceed 32 mg a day.
Child (age 7-14): 4 mg 2-3 times a day; do not exceed 16 mg a day.
Child (age 2-6): 2 mg 2-3 times a day; do not exceed 12 mg a day.
Dexchlorpheniramine
Adult and Child (age 12 and over): 2 mg every 4-6 hours. Child (age 6-11): 1 mg every 4-6 hours.
Child (age 2-5): 0.5 mg every 4-6 hours.
Dexchlorpheniramine, Sustained-Release
Adult and Child (age 12 and over): 4-6 mg every 8-10 hours and at bedtime.
Child (age 6-11): 4 mg once a day and at bedtime. Child (under age 6): not recommended.
Tripelennamine
Adult and Child (age 12 and over): 25-50 mg every 4-6 hours; do not take more than 600 mg a day. Adults may take up to 3100-mg, sustained-release tablets a day, although this much is not usually needed.
Child (under age 12): 2 mg per lb. of body weight a day in divided doses; no more than 300 mg a day should be given.
Overdosage
Symptoms of overdose include depression or stimulation, especially in children; dry mouth: fixed or dilated pupils; flushing of the skin; upset stomach; unsteadiness; and convulsions. Overdose victims should be made to vomit as soon as possible with ipecac syrup—available at any pharmacy—to remove excess drug from the stomach. Take the victim to a hospital emergency room immediately if the victim is unconscious.or if you cannot induce vomiting. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
This drug may cause tiredness or loss of concentration: Be extremely cautious when driving or doing anything that requires close attention.
If you forget a dose of this drug, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the one you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose.
Special Populations
PregnancylBreast-feeding., Animal studies have shown that some antihistamines may cause birth defects. Do not take any antihistamine without your doctor’s knowledge if you are or might be pregnant—especially during the last 3 months of pregnancy, because newborns may have severe reactions to antihistamines.
Small amounts of some antihistamines pass into breast milk. NV ing mothers who must take chlorpheniramine maleate should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors are more sensitive to antihistamine side effects. Dosage reduction may be needed.
Jul
16
Acyclovir
July 16, 2009 | Leave a Comment
Generic Name
Acyclovir
Brand Name Zovirax
Type of Drug Antiviral.
Prescribed For
Initial treatment and maintenance of genital herpes outbreaks; treatment of herpes zoster (shingles); and treatment of varicella (chickenpox).
General Information
Acyclovir is the only oral drug that reduces growth rates of the herpes virus and the related viruses, Epstein-Barr, varicella, and cytomegalovirus (CMV); both oral acyclovir and oral ganciclovir work against CMV Intravenous drugs, including acyclovir injection, may also be used for these viral infections; however, intravenous antiviral drugs are usually reserved for patients with HIV, cancer, or otherwise compromised immune systems.
Acyclovir is selectively absorbed into cells that are infected with the herpes simplex virus, where it is converted into its active form. Acyclovir works by interfering with the reproduction of viral DNA, slowing the growth of existing viruses. It has little effect on recurrent infections. To treat both local and systemic (whole-body) symptoms acyclovir must be given by intravenous injection or taken by mouth. Local symptoms may be treated with the ointment alone. Oral acyclovir may be taken every day to reduce the number and severity of herpes attacks in people who suffer 10 or more attacks a year; it may also be used to treat intermittent attacks as they occur, but treatment must be started as soon as possible to have the greatest effect.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not use acyclovir if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients. Do not use acyclovir ointment if you have had an allergic reaction to it or to the major component of the ointment base, polyethylene glycol. Do not apply acyclovir ointment inside the vagina because the polyethylene glycol base may cause irritation and swelling of sensitive vaginal tissue. Acyclovir ointment is not intended for use in the eye and should not be used to treat a herpes infection of the eye.
Renal failure has occurred in patients using oral acyclovir, in some cases resulting in death. People with kidney impairment should have dosages adjusted accordingly.
Maintain adequate hydration while taking oral acyclovir. Animal testing indicates that acyclovir may affect fertility in men. These effects may be reversible.
Possible Side Effects
Capsules, Suspension, and Tablets
✓ Most common: feeling unwell, headache, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
✓ Less common: appetite loss, stomach gas, constipation, fatigue, rash, leg pains, sore throat, a bad taste in the mouth, sleeplessness, and fever.
♦ Rare: aching joints, weakness, and tingling in the hands or feet. Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Ointment
✓ Most common: mild burning, irritation, rash, and itching. These effects are more likely to occur when treating an initial herpes attack than a recurrent attack. Women are 4 times more likely to experience burning than men.
Drug Interactions
• Do not apply acyclovir together with any other ointment or topical medication.
• Oral probenecid may decrease elimination of acyclovir from the body, which increases blood levels of oral or injected acyclovir, increasing the risk of side effects.
• Combining acyclovir and zidovudine (an HIV drug—also known as AZT) may lead to severe drowsiness and lethargy.
Food Interactions
Acyclovir may be taken with food if it upsets your stomach.
Usual Dose
Capsules, Suspension, and Tablets
Adult: genital herpes attack-200 mg every 4 hours, 5 times a day for 10 days. Recurrent infections-400 mg 3 times a day or 200 mg 5 times a day for 5 days. Suppressive therapy for chronic herpes-800 mg a day, every day for up to a year. Herpes zoster800 mg 5 times a day for 7-10 days.
Child (age 2 and over): Acyclovir has been given to children in daily doses as high as 36 mg per lb. of body weight without any unusual side effects.
Child (under age 2): not recommended.
If you have kidney disease, your doctor should adjust your dose according to the degree of functional loss.
Ointment: Apply every 3 hours, 6 times a day for 7 days. Apply enough medication to cover all visible skin lesions. About 1/2 in. of ointment should cover about 4 sq. in. of lesions. Your doctor may prescribe a longer course of treatment to prevent the delayed formation of new lesions over the duration of an attack. Begin using ointment at the first sign of an attack.
Overdosage
Overdose of oral acyclovir may lead to kidney damage due to deposits of acyclovir crystals in the kidneys. Other side effects include agitation, seizures, lethargy, and coma. The risk of experiencing toxic side effects from swallowing acyclovir ointment is quite small. In the case of overdose or accidental ingestion, call your poison control center. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
Use a finger cot or rubber glove when applying acyclovir ointment to protect against inadvertently spreading the virus. Be sure to apply the medication exactly as directed and to completely cover all lesions. Keep affected areas clean and dry. Loose-fitting clothing will reduce possible irritation of a healing lesion. If you skip several doses, or a day or more of treatment, the drug will not exert its maximum effect.
Acyclovir is not a cure for genital herpes. Herpes may be transmitted even if you do not have symptoms of active disease. To avoid giving the condition to a sexual partner, do not have intercourse while visible herpes lesions are present. A condom offers some protection against transmission of the herpes virus, but spermicidal products and diaphragms do not. Acyclovir alone will not prevent herpes transmission.
Initiate therapy at the first sign of symptoms.
Women with genital herpes have an increased risk of cervical cancer. Speak with your doctor about the need for an annual Pap smear.
Call your doctor if acyclovir does not relieve your symptoms, if side effects become severe or intolerable, or if you become pregnant or want to begin breast-feeding. Check with your dentist if you notice swelling or tenderness of the gums.
Avoid exposure to excessive sunlight or sunlamps because of unusual sensitivity caused by oral acyclovir.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: Acyclovir crosses into the circulation of the fetus. Animal studies have shown that large doses—up to 125 times the human dose—cause damage to both mother and fetus. While there is no information to indicate that acyclovir affects a human fetus, do not use it during pregnancy unless it is specifically prescribed by your doctor and the possible benefit outweighs the risk.
Acyclovir passes into breast milk in concentrations up to 4 times the concentration in blood, and it has been found in the urine of a nursing infant. Although no side effects have been found in nursing babies, mothers who must take acyclovir should use infant formula.
Seniors: Shingles attacks in people over age 50 tend to be more severe and respond best to acyclovir treatment if the drug is started within 48-72 hours of the appearance of the first rash. Seniors with reduced kidney function should be given a lower dose of oral acyclovir than younger adults.
