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Sep

26

Formoterol - Fosfomycin - Fosinopril - Fosrenol - Ganciclovir

September 26, 2009 | Leave a Comment

Generic Name
Formoterol (for-MOH-ter-ol)
Brand Names
Foradil Aerolizer    Perforomist Foradil Certihaler
Combination Product
Generic Ingredients: Formoterol + Budesonide Symbicort
The information in this profile also applies to the following drug:
Generic Ingredient: Arformoterol Brovana
Type of Drug Bronchodilator.
Prescribed For
Maintenance of asthma, bronchospasm during exercise, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, including chronic bronchitis, and emphysema.
General Information
Formoterol is a long-acting beta-2 agonist, used in the prevention of asthma attacks and bronchial spasms. It is not effective in stopping an asthma attack once it has begun. Patients suffering from severe asthma should always have a short-acting bronchodilator available in case of an acute attack.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not use formoterol if you are allergic or sensitive to any .,oAits ingredients.
Formoterol skn\)NO not be used by patients with significantly or rapidly worsening asthma. In some asthma patients, formoterol may increase the chance of death from asthma.
Formoterol is not a replacement for corticosteroid inhalers. Patients should continue to use their corticosteroid inhalers at the same dosage in conjunction with formoterol.
Patients who have been taking inhaled, short-acting beta-2 agonises should stop regular use of these, and use them only to treat
acute asthma symptoms.
Formoterol can cause paradoxical bronchospasm, a potentially
life-threatening condition. Patients who experience symptoms
should discontinue use of formoterol immediately.
Formoterol can cause irregular heartbeat and should be used
with caution by patients with a history of heart disease or high blood pressure. Patients with a history of seizures, strokes, or diabetes should also be carefully monitored for a recurrence or worsening of these conditions.
Possible Side Effects
?    Most common: tremors, dizziness, insomnia, and chest pain.
?    Common: restlessness, weakness, sore throat, and difficulty breathing.
¦    Less common: lightheadedness, angina, abnormal heart rhythm, heart palpitations, and bronchospasrn.
?    Rare: severe worsening of asthma, extreme allergic reaction, and angioedema (a potentially life-threatening swelling of the lips and throat). Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Drug Interactions
•    Formoterol’s effects may be increased by monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MA01) antidepressants, tricyclic antidepressants, thyroid drugs, other bronchodilators. and some antihistamines.
•    The effect of formoterol may be lessened by beta-blocking drugs, such as propranolol.
•    Formoterol may antagonize the effects of blood-r:~ssurelowering drugs, especially reserpine, methyldupa, and guanethidine.
•    Using formoterol with antihistamt z;, disopyramide; phe- nothja,Z:MtS,’D10cBinamide; quinidine and similar drugs: theo- phylline; and tricyclic antidepressants may increase the risk of heart damage and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.
Food Interactions None known.
Usual Dose
Arlormoterol
Adult: Inhale 15 mcg every 12 hours. Child: not recommended.
Formoterol
Adult and Child (age 5 and over)
Foradil Aerolizer: Inhale 12 mcg every 12 hours. Foradil Certihaler: Inhale 10 mcg every 12 hours.
Perforomist: Inhale 20 mcg every 12 hours. Child (under age 5): not recommended.
Formoterol + Budesonide Combination Adult: Inhale 1 puff every 12 hours. Child: riot recommended.
Overdosage
Formoterol overdose may cause nausea, vomiting, tremor, sleepiness, rapid or irregular heartbeat, low blood sugar, blood acidity, and life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Patients experiencing severe symptoms should go to a hospital emergency room. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
The drug should be inhaled during the second half of your inward breath. This will allow the medication to reach more deeply into your lungs.
Be sure to follow your doctor’s directions for the use of formoterol. Using more than you need can increase the risk of side effects and worsen your symptoms. If your condition worsens after taking formoterol, stop taking it and call your doctor at once.
Call your doctor at once if you develop chest pains, rapid heartbeat, palpitations, muscle tremors, dizziness, headache, or swelling of the throat, or if you still have trouble breathing after using the medication.
If a dose of formoterol is forgotten, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time (Ox your next dose, skip the dose you forgot aMmMinue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose.
Formoterol capsules must only be used with the inhaler that is provided with this medicine. Do not use other medicines with the formoterol inhaler. Patients should be aware that the gelatin cap-sure may fragment, causing a risk that gelatin particles will be inhaled. This risk is minimized by being careful to pierce the gelatin capsule only once. Capsules should be used immediately after they are taken from the blister pack.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: The safety of formoterol in pregnant women has not been studied. The potential benefit of using this medication must be carefully weighed against its risks.
It is not known if formoterol passes into breast milk. Nursing mothers who take this should consider using infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors may be more sensitive to the effects of this drug. Follow your doctor’s directions and report any side effects at once.
Fosamax see Bisphosphonates, page 164
Generic Name
Fosfomycin (fos-foe-MYE-sin)
Brand Name Monurol
Type of Drug Urinary anti-infective.
Prescribed For
Uncomplicated urinary infections.
General Information
Fosfomycin kills a variety of bacteria. It works by preventing bacteria from sticking to the wall of the urinary tract and by interfering with bacterial cell division. In the body, it is converted V) its active form—free (WS bacteria that are resistant to other antibiotics are not resistant to fosfomycin, so this drug may work where others have failed.
Cautions and Warnings
bo not take fosfomycin if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients. Fosfomycin is meant to be taken once, in a single dose. Taking more than 1 packet of fosfomycin only increases side effects; it does not improve the drug’s effectiveness.
Drug Interactions
• Metoclopramide reduces fosfomycin blood levels. Food Interactions
You may take fosfomycin with or without food. Usual Dose
Adult (age 12 and over): 1 packet mixed with water. Child (under age 12): riot recommended.
Overdosage
Little is known about the effects of fosfomycin overdose. Call your local poison control center or a hospital emergency room for more information. If you seek treatment, ALWAYS bring the prescription container.
Special Information
Do not take fosfomycin powder in its dry form. Mix the contents of the packet with 3-4 oz. of cool or cold water until it dissolves. Then drink the solution immediately.
Call your doctor if your infection does not improve within 2 or 3 days.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: The safety of using fosfomycin during pregnancy is, mV&nown. When this drug is considered crucial by your doctor, its potential benefits must be carefully weighed against its risks.
It is not known if fosfomycin passes into breast milk. Nursing mothers who must take this drug should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors may take fosfomycin without special restriction.
above. vaginal irritation, runny nose, nau-
ts can occur in almost any part of the doctor if you experience any side ef- e.
Possible Side Effects
¦ Less common: diarrhea
and headache
Rare: Rare side effects body. Contact your fect not listed

August 1, 2009 | Leave a Comment

Generic Name
Chlorpheniramine Maleate
(KLOR-ten-ERE-uh-mene MAL-ee-ate) M
Brand Names
Aller-Chlor    Efidac 24
Chlor-Trimeton    Pediox S
Chlor-Trimeton Allergy 8 Hour    Prohist+8 Chlor-Trimeton Allergy 12 Hour QDALL AR
The information in this profile also applies to the following drugs: Generic Ingredient: Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride 0
Generic Ingredient: Dexchlorpheniramine Maleate 19
Type of Drug Antihistamine,
Prescribed For
Stuffy and runny nose, itchy eyes, and scratchy throat caused by seasonal allergy, and other symptoms of allergy such as rash, itching, and hives.
General Information
Antihistamines generally work by blocking the release of histamine (a chemical released by body tissue during an allergic reaction) from body cells at the H, histamine receptor site, drying up secretions of the nose, throat, and eyes.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not use this drug if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients.
Use chlorpheniramine maleate with care if you have a history of thyroid disease, heart disease, high blood pressure, or diabetes. This drug should be avoided or used with extreme care if you have narrow-angle glaucoma, stomach ulcer or other stomach problems, enlarged prostate, or problems passing urine. It should not be used by people who have deep-breathing problems such as asthma, emphysema, or chronic bronchitis.
Possible Side Effects
V Less common: rash or itching, sensitivity to bright light, increased sweating, chills, lowered blood pressure, headache, rapid heartbeat, sleeplessness, dizziness, disturbed coordination, confusion, restlessness, nervousness, irritability, euphoria (feeling “high”), tingling in the hands or feet, blurred or double vision, ringing in the ears, upset stomach, appetite loss, nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhea, urinary difficulties, chest tightness, wheezing, stuffy nose, and dryness of the mouth, nose, or throat. Young children may also develop nervousness, irritability, tension, and anxiety.
Drug Interactions
•    chlorpheniramine maleate should not be taken with a mono-amine oxidase inhibitQ(aMkdepiessank, because the combination may cause severe side effects.
•    The effects of sedatives, benzodiazepines such as diazepam, and sleeping medications will be increased when any of these drugs is combined with chlorpheniramine maleate. It is extremely important for your doctor to know if you are taking any other medication with chlorpheniramine maleate so that the dosage of that medication can be properly adjusted.
•    Anti chol inergenics may cause an increase in side effects of chlorpheniramine maleate.
•    Be extremely cautious when drinking alcoholic beverages while taking this drug, which enhances the intoxicating and sedating effects of alcohol.
Food Interactions
You may take this drug with food if it upsets your stomach.
Usual Dose
chlorpheniramine
Adult and Child (age 13 and over): 4 mg every 4-6 hours; do not take more than 24 mg a day.
Child (age 6-12): 2 mg every 4-6 hours; do not take more than 12 mg a day.
Child (age 2-5): 1 mg every 4-6 hours; do not take more than 4 mg a day.
chlorpheniramine, Sustained-Release
Adult and Child (age 13 and over): 8-12 mg at bedtime, or every 8-12 hours during the day; do not take more than 24 mg a day. Child (age 6-12): 8 mg during the day or at bedtime.
Child (under age 6): not recommended.
Cyproheptadine
Adult and Child (age 15 and over): 4-20 mg a day; do not exceed 32 mg a day.
Child (age 7-14): 4 mg 2-3 times a day; do not exceed 16 mg a day.
Child (age 2-6): 2 mg 2-3 times a day; do not exceed 12 mg a day.
Dexchlorpheniramine
Adult and Child (age 12 and over): 2 mg every 4-6 hours. Child (age 6-11): 1 mg every 4-6 hours.
Child (age 2-5): 0.5 mg every 4-6 hours.
Dexchlorpheniramine, Sustained-Release
Adult and Child (age 12 and over): 4-6 mg every 8-10 hours and at bedtime.
Child (age 6-11): 4 mg once a day and at bedtime. Child (under age 6): not recommended.
Tripelennamine
Adult and Child (age 12 and over): 25-50 mg every 4-6 hours; do not take more than 600 mg a day. Adults may take up to 3100-mg, sustained-release tablets a day, although this much is not usually needed.
Child (under age 12): 2 mg per lb. of body weight a day in divided doses; no more than 300 mg a day should be given.
Overdosage
Symptoms of overdose include depression or stimulation, especially in children; dry mouth: fixed or dilated pupils; flushing of the skin; upset stomach; unsteadiness; and convulsions. Overdose victims should be made to vomit as soon as possible with ipecac syrup—available at any pharmacy—to remove excess drug from the stomach. Take the victim to a hospital emergency room immediately if the victim is unconscious.or if you cannot induce vomiting. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
This drug may cause tiredness or loss of concentration: Be extremely cautious when driving or doing anything that requires close attention.
If you forget a dose of this drug, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the one you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose.
Special Populations
PregnancylBreast-feeding., Animal studies have shown that some antihistamines may cause birth defects. Do not take any antihistamine without your doctor’s knowledge if you are or might be pregnant—especially during the last 3 months of pregnancy, because newborns may have severe reactions to antihistamines.
Small amounts of some antihistamines pass into breast milk. NV ing mothers who must take chlorpheniramine maleate should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors are more sensitive to antihistamine side effects. Dosage reduction may be needed.

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Special Populations
PregnancylBreast-feeding. Acebutolol crosses into the placenta. Infants born to women who took a beta blocker while pregnant had lower birth weights, low blood pressure, and slow heart rates. Acebutolol should be taken during pregnancy only if the potential benefit outweighs the risk.
Large amounts of acebutolol pass into breast milk. Nursing mothers taking acebutolol should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors taking acebutolol may need a reduced dosage.

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Jul

16

Depression. Diagnosis, Treatment and FAQ.

July 16, 2009 | Leave a Comment

DEPRESSION
•    Report suicidal thoughts to a health professional
•    Ask your doctor if fluoxetine (generic) is appropriate for you
•    Discuss bupropion if sexual side effects from fluoxetine become a problem
•    Consider cognitive behavioral therapy
•    Try vigorous exercise 5 days a week
•    Spend time outside in the sun or get a bright light
•    Add fish oil to your dietary regimen
•    Ask your doctor if St. John’s wort would be safe
•    Inquire about Emsam when other treatments fail
Almost everyone knows what it’s like to feel sad. Losing a pet, a friend, or a loved one is devastating. Being fired or getting a divorce can send you into a tailspin. An accident or a serious disease affects not only the physical body but also the psyche. Fora while there is little pleasure to be had in life. It can be as if darkness has settled into your bones and sucked the joy right out of the marrow.
Most of us eventually recover from the boulders that are dropped on us. But some people never manage to dig themselves out of a hole. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, major depression affects about 15 million people each year. One in five of us will experience some form of depression sometime during our lifetime. 175
When the fog descends, people may forget what it’s like to feel happy. Sleep becomes next to impossible–or all you want to do. Food loses its appeal and its flavor. Those with major depression often have a low energy level; they find it hard to mobilize themselves to finish projects or visit friends or family. They feel gloomy and down in the dumps for weeks or even months. They doubt their abilities and feel pessimistic much of the time. Just remembering simple things becomes an overwhelming challenge. They may experience thoughts of suicide—a hallmark of major depression.
Such a mood disorder requires professional help immediately. Let us repeat that. If any of the symptoms below apply
SIGNS OF DEPRESSION
•    Feeling sad, gloomy, or “empty” for more than a few weeks
•    Feeling hopeless
•    Feeling helpless or worthless
•    Insomnia, early-morning wakening, or persistently sleeping too much
•    Feeling worn-down, fatigued, or like you’re moving in slow motion
•    Loss of appetite: eating because it’s necessary rather than because the food tastes good and satisfies hunger
•    Loss of interest in sex
•    Restlessness or agitation, pacing the floor
•    Difficulty with concentration and with remembering simple things; indecisiveness
•    Physical complaints such as headache or pain that don’t get better when treated
•    Thoughts of death or suicide to you or someone you care about, seek highly qualified assistance right now! Digging out from a depression should never pull
be a do-it-yourself project. You cannot puyourself up by the bootstraps or tough it out on your own. Chronic depression increases the risk for heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and other serious conditions and must not be ignored. The suggestions we will
widiscuss in this chapter are meant to supplement whatever your health professional may offer you in the way of help.
The Good Old Days
As remarkable as this may sound, some people actually coped surprisingly well with depression 50 to 100 years ago. They intuitively knew that there were some strategies that worked. For one thing, they looked around for someone to talk to. It might have been a pastor, a friend, a neighbor, or a relative. If they could afford it, they went to a psychologist or psychiatrist for counseling. Just talking things out sometimes seemed to help.
People also exercised. It might have been a physically exhausting task like chopping wood, hoeing a field or hiking through the woods. In those days, people spent more time outdoors working hard and walking from here to there. Nowadays we go from the air-conditioned comfort of our house or apartment to the air-conditioned comfort of a car, bus, or train to the air-conditioned comfort of an office or mall. We rarely spend time outside in the sun, and the only “workout” we get is at the gym or health club.
Oh yes, there was one more thing. In the good old days, especially during the winter, mothers made their kids swallow a spoonful of cod liver oil. It was never clear exactly what cod liver oil was good for, but mothers seemed to know that fish oil had beneficial properties. It was just “good for you,” no matter how bad it tasted.
Well, it turns out that virtually all of those quaint old strategies have now been proven helpful against depression. As you will learn shortly, research has shown that fish oil, exercise, light exposure, and cognitive behavioral therapy are surprisingly effective in dealing with depression.
Drug Therapy
Fifty years ago “talking therapy” was considered essential in the treatment of depression. Psychologists and psychiatrists saw lots of patients who suffered from mild to moderate depression. But during the 1970s biological psychiatry took off. The medical profession embraced the theory that depression was primarily caused by an imbalance of chemicals in the brain. Many health professionals adopted the belief that a depressed person only needed antidepressant medication to normalize brain biochemistry. All you had to do was “feed your head” the right chemicals and the depression would disappear.
During those heady days many patients were given tricyclic antidepressants to soothe their troubled psyches. Medications like amitriptyline (Elavil), desipramine (Norpramin, Pertofrane), doxepin (Adapin, Sinequan), imipramine (Janimine, Tofranil), and nortriptyline (Aventyl, Pamelor) were prescribed in huge numbers. Never mind that such drugs caused drowsiness, fatigue, constipation, dry mouth, dental problems, weight gain, blurred vision, urinary difficulties, dizziness, disturbed concentration, impaired memory, mental confusion, sexual dysfunction, and impotence.
Although these medications did help many people get out of the depths of despair, the side effects were sometimes as depressing as the depression itself. Imagine what it would be like to put on 30 or 40 pounds, feel mentally cloudy and constipated most of the time, and have no sex life. But insurance companies liked these medications. It seemed far more cost-effective to have an internist or a family practice doctor prescribe an antidepressant than to approve a lengthy series of counseling sessions with a psychologist or psychiatrist.
Then along came Prozac (fluoxetine). In 1987 when it was introduced, this antidepressant hardly made a splash. First-year sales were just barely respectable, but more than doubled in the second year. By the third year, Americans spent more on Prozac than on all other antidepressants combined. Everyone seemed to fall in love with Prozac—physicians, pharmacists, patients, and, most of all, the big payers (insurance companies and HMOs).
Prozac—a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, or SSRI—was so successful because it got great PR, and because it seemed to have fewer side effects than traditional tricyclic antidepressants. At least it was less likely to cause sedation, dizziness, constipation, or dry mouth. It also was more effective—or at least that was the impression among physicians and patients. There were never any data to support that belief, but that didn’t stop the media blitz. Prozac even made the cover of Newsweek and Time magazines. Once people decided it was the new wonder drug, other pharmaceutical manufacturers were desperate to get in the game. The race was on.
It wasn’t long before the wannabes started showing up, trying to claim a piece of the Prozac pie. Today the competitors include bupropion (Wellbutrin), citalopram (Celexa), duloxetine (Cymbalta), escitalopram (Lexapro), nefazodone (Serzone), paroxetine (Paxil), sertraline (Zoloft), and venlafaxine (Effexor). Almost 190 million prescriptions are written for these antidepressants each year, with sales exceeding $12 billion. 176
Such coeds are being prescribed enthusiastically for a wide range of other health problems, too. The pharmaceutical industry has promoted some of these antidepressants for conditions such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic attacks, hot flashes, premenstrual distress, nervousness, and shyness (”social anxiety disorder”).
Almost from the beginning, though, these drugs have been controversial. In the original clinical trial for Prozac, 15 percent of patients in the study dropped out because they felt worse instead of better—a statistic that was not widely publicized. Anxiety, insomnia, restlessness, nausea, and tremors caused distress for some people. There also was a high incidence of sexual dysfunction with the SSRIs. But the real controversy has always swirled around whether Prozac and similar compounds could trigger thoughts of suicide or homicide in some people.
Antidepressants and Suicide
In 1988, we received a letter from a grieving physician. His daughter had been prescribed Prozac for an eating disorder; a month later she took her er life by hanging herself. This oph- thalmologist was convinced that Prozac had contributed to her tragic death. At the time, we discounted this story—which we now regret—and told him that depressed people sometimes take desperate action and may try to harm themselves when they start treatment. Later, he responded that his daughter had never been depressed, nor had she been acting like a person who planned to take her life.
In 1990 an article appeared in the American Journal of Psychiatry describing a half-dozen patients who developed “intense violent suicidal preoccupation after 2 to 7 weeks of fluoxetine treatment.”177 This report stirred up quite a lot of concern, but many psychiatrists downplayed the connection. When we asked the drug company and the FDA about this report, we were told that depressed people sometimes commit suicide and that the drug was not to blame.
Over the last 18 years we have heard of many other instances in which people became preoccupied with harming themselves or others after starting on an antidepressant. A man taking Zoloft awoke in the middle of the night with a strong urge to kill himself. A woman reported wild thoughts on Prozac about ramming her car into other cars and getting a gun to kill an irritating co-worker. Another woman told us that she experienced an overwhelming urge to open her car door and jump-out of the vehicle while it was going at 50 miles an hour down the highway.
My son Mike was prescribed Paxil for depression while he was a graduate teaching assistant at New Mexico State University. Around day 13 he slipped into a mood that I had never seen before. He never came out of it. Four days later he shot himself in the temple with a.2? rifle. He had taken Paxil for 17 days.
I hold the FDA and GlaxoSmithKline (maker of Paxil) responsible for my son’s suicide. No one should ever have to look at a son or daughter’s tombstone!
Whenever we discussed our concerns with psychiatrists, drug companies, or FDA officials, we were told that such events were purely coincidental. Our federal watchdog insisted that the medicines could not have been responsible for such tragic outcomes. But when British drug regulators began warning physicians that SSRI-type medications might trigger suicidal thoughts, agitation, and self-injury in young patients, the whole ball of yarn began to come unraveled.
Eventually, an FDA staffer, Andrew Mosholder, MD, MPH, was given the task of analyzing 22 studies. His conclusion: “Short-term pediatric trials of antidepressant drugs demonstrate an increased rate of suicidal events with active drug compared to placebo.” He also said that there is not adequate information to tell if antidepressants other than Prozac are effective for children.

FDA JULY 1, 2005, PUBLIC HEALTH ADVISORY
•   Adults being treated with antidepressant medicines, particularly those being treated for depression, should be watched closely for worsening of depression and for increased suicidal thinking or behavior.
•   Close observation of adults may be especially important when antidepressant medications are started for the first time or when doses for the specific drugs prescribed have been changed.
•   Adults whose symptoms worsen while being treated with antidepressants, including an increase in suicidal thinking or behavior, should be evaluated by their health-care professional.
The idea that drugs designed to fight depression and prevent suicide could potentially make things worse for some kids seemed to shock FDA officials to the core. Initially, Dr. Mosholder was muzzled. Eventually, though, the data convinced even the FDA hardliners. Belatedly, the agency issued warnings about suicidal thinking and antidepressants.
These cautions came far too late to prevent many terrible tragedies over nearly 2 decades. As difficult as it has been for psychiatrists and FDA officials to contemplate, people taking SSRI-type antidepressants are sometimes preoccupied with thoughts of suicide or homicide. Harvard psychiatrist Joseph Glenmullen,’ MD, has criticized the makers of SSRI-type antidepressants for delaying adequate warnings.”‘ The maker of Effexor XR added “homicidal ideation” to its label years after the drug was introduced. The company considers this a very rare adverse event and does not believe the drug can be causally linked to actual homicides. But there have been a number of high-profile violent events associated with antidepressants. Causal or not, this controversy continues to simmer.
The entire SSRI-suicide story strikes us as mishandled. Just as with the Vioxx (rofecoxib) scandal, it has seemed to us that FDA officials have been more intent on protecting the pharmaceutical companies’ profits than the public health.

To add even more confusion to this already sordid affair, the reputation these drugs have enjoyed as being highly effective against depression is now suspect. Remember that placebo-controlled trials are the gold standard that everyone is supposed to adhere to. Drug companies are required to show that their expensive antidepressants are significantly superior to a placebo. But an “analysis of 96 antidepressant trials between 1979 and 1996 showed that in 52 percent of them, the effect of the antidepressant could not be distinguished from that of placebo. ,179 In other words, “more than half of all recent clinical trials of commonly used antidepressants failed to show statistical superiority for the drug over placebo.”180
That, dear reader, is almost beyond belief. It suggests that either placebos—sugar pills—are amazingly effective in relieving depression or that current antidepressants are not all that impressive.
Another overview of many clinical trials concludes that the latter is the case. It goes even further and suggests that “recent meta-analyses show selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors have no clinically meaningful advantage over placebo…. Antidepressants have not been convincingly shown to affect the long-term outcome of depression or suicide rates.”181 Of course, this kind of analysis relies on the statistical manipulation and combining of many smaller studies. As compelling as the conclusions may be, they do not substitute for really big, well-conducted trials.
The largest and most definitive study of depression and antidepressant medications was a $35 million project, funded by the National Institutes of Health, called the STAR*D (Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression) trial. This was no drug company whitewash. This was your tax money at work. What made this research so valuable was that the investigators looked at actual recovery from depression (”remission”), not just some symptom improvement. Recovery is, after all, what depressed patients really care about.
The antidepressants used in the STAR*D trial were bupropion SR (Wellbutrin SR), citalopram (Celexa), sertraline (Zoloft), and venlafaxine XR (Effexor XR). When the long-awaited results were published in the New England Journal of Medicine (March 2006), they were surprisingly disappointing.

About one-fourth of the patients achieved real remission, regardless of the type of antidepressant that was taken.182 What makes this so discouraging is that these patients got optimal treatment. They received intense evaluation and a level of care not usually available to the average patient. If the depressed folks in this study had been treated in a more typical manner, “the remission rate probably would have been significantly lower—perhaps even in the single digits.”183 That’s abysmal.
If there is any good news that came out of the STAR*D research, it is that when a different antidepressant medication was substituted after initial treatment failure, about one in three patients finally did achieve remission. 1114, 181 What this means is that antidepressants actually do what they are supposed to do (cure depression) about half the time. Depending upon your perspective, that means the glass is either half full or half empty.
We are happy to learn that 50 percent of the patients in this trial got better. But even under these ideal conditions, half did not, regardless of the type of medicine used. That means that an awful lot of people are suffering drug side effects without benefit. And since there were no placebo controls in STAR*D, we have no idea how many folks might have improved if they had received sugar pills instead of drugs.
So how can you determine which antidepressant is best for you? In truth, it is extremely difficult for physicians and patients to make clear decisions about safety and effectiveness when it comes to these medications. Despite all the hype from the drug companies, it is hard to prove that one type of antidepressant is better than another one.186
Newer drugs like Cymbalta affect both serotonin and another neurotransmitter called norepinephrine (hence their name serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, or SNRIs). This dual action is supposed to make such drugs more effective. It has certainly driven up the cost. A single Cymbalta pill can cost between $3 and $4. A Wall Street Journal review reported that when Cymbalta was compared head-tohead with venlafaxine (Effexor), an older drug in this class, “Cymbalta wasn’t significantly different from Effexor in treating depression.”187
The bottom line is that there are no “best choices” when it comes to these kinds of antidepressants. All these drugs are roughly similar in effectiveness, and all have the potential to cause serious adverse reactions for some people. Anyone who experiences anxiety, agitation, irritability, and especially thoughts of violence toward himself or others should contact a health professional immediately!
Watch Out for Withdrawal!
There is one other complication associated with these antidepressants that is rarely discussed. Sudden discontinuation of drugs like Effexor, Paxil, Serzone, and Zoloft may cause unexpected symptoms. We have heard from many patients that they experienced dizziness, nausea, insomnia, headaches, nervousness, sweating, shakiness (like a bad hangover), weakness, visual disturbances, and an inability to concentrate. One reader called the problem “Paxil Head,” like having your head stuck in a blender.
I take Zoloft, and have tried to stop taking it several times. Each time I stop I experience a-very strange thing. Doctors, nurses, and pharmacists dismiss me like I’m a nut case, but I swear this is true. I get electrical shocklike sensations in my head and become extremely dizzy. I absolutely know this is associated with not taking Zoloft. Not 2 hours after I resume taking it again the symptoms, which are overwhelming, disappear completely. I would like to get off of this drug but have no idea how to do so, especially when I cannot function without it and no one recognizes I’m having any trouble. They just think I’m crazy.
What is so sad about this particular problem is that no one really knows how common withdrawal symptoms are. There are, as far as we can tell, few good guidelines for helping people overcome this complication. So we do not know how long people will experience dizziness, shocklike sensations, or nausea after they stop a drug like Zoloft. Drug companies are not particularly interested in developing protocols for discontinuing SSRI/SNRI-type medications, since they would then need to admit they have a problem on their hands. That means that patients and physicians are on their own.
Gradual tapering over several weeks may be necessary. We have heard from some doctors that they switch patients over to fluoxetine and then taper it very slowly. That’s because Prozac lingers in the body and may be less likely to trigger withdrawal symptoms *** Fluoxetine (Prozac)
Fluoxetine is a stand-in for all SSRI-type drugs. Although there are subtle variations between medications in this class, there are more similarities than differences.
Side effects: Headache, nausea, dizziness, diarrhea, nervousness, anxiety, and insomnia are relatively common and may affect up to one-fourth of the patients who take SSRI-type medications. Some people may experience drowsiness or dizziness. Delayed ejaculation, inability to achieve orgasm, and decreased sexual desire are common complications of this entire class of drugs. Less frequent problems may include decreased appetite, indigestion, sweating, mania, dry mouth, heart palpitations, tremor, chills, constipation, blurred vision, memory problems, confusion, rash, and joint pains. Blood sugar control or thyroid function may be altered. Seizures, while uncommon, have been reported in roughly 0.1 to 0.2 percent of patients, an incidence comparable to that seen with older antidepressants. Any thoughts of suicide or violence must be reported to a physician immediately)
Downside: SSRI-type medications like Prozac can interact with many other drugs. Make sure your physician and pharmacist double-check to verify that any other medicine, herb, or dietary supplement you take is safe with your antidepressant.
Cost: Approximately $130 to $140 for a month’s supply of Prozac. Generic fluoxetine costs $16 to $20 for the same amount.
Despite all the controversy, we still think Prozac is worthy of consideration, especially since it is less likely to precipitate withdrawal symptoms when discontinued. And we are not convinced that other SSRI/SNRIs are more effective. Many people benefit dramatically from this or another SSRI or SNRI. Prozac is now available generically as fluoxetine, so the cost factor is less problematic. We’re not convinced, though, that all generic fluoxetine is created equal. Some patients report therapeutic failures on this generic (see Generic Drug Quandary for details).
Since there is no way to predict whether someone will ben-Bupropion (Wellbutrin)
This antidepressant is less likely to interfere with sexuality and may even be helpful for people who have experienced diminished libido. It is also available generically, so there is a cost savings. People tend to feel energized rather than sluggish when taking bupropion.
Side effects: Common complaints include insomnia, dry mouth, anxiety or agitation, headache, nausea, and dizziness. Less common adverse reactions that we are aware of include mania, seizures, irregular heart rhythms, skin rash, hallucinations, paranoia, high blood pressure, and migraine.
Downside: Bupropion can interact with many other medications. Make sure your physician and pharmacist double-check to verify that any other medicine, herb, or dietary supplement you take is safe with your antidepressant. Any thoughts of suicide or violence must be reported to a physician immediately!
Cost: Approximately $130 to $150 for a month’s supply of brand-name Wellbutrin SR; generic bupropion SR runs roughly $60 to $70 for a similar amount.
efit more from one antidepressant than another, this is mostly a process of trial and error. It may take 4 to 6 weeks to begin to see improvement, so it is important to give each medication a fair trial. If no success is achieved after a few drugs in the same class are tried, then it may be time to move on to another category.
Bupropion (Wellbutrin) may offer certain advantages over other SSRI-type drugs. For one thing, it is far less likely to interfere with sexuality. Some have even reported that it restores libido.
Some people do benefit from old-fashioned tricyclic-type antidepressants such as desipramine, imipramine, and nortriptyline. For people who become agitated or anxious on an SSRI/SNRI or find that bupropion keeps them wide awake, tricyclics may offer an acceptable alternative.
There is also a completely different kind of antidepressant that comes as a skin patch (Emsam). We will discuss it at the end of this chapter.

Nondrug Therapy: Back to the Future
At the beginning of this chapter we suggested some old-fashioned approaches to treating depression that might be worth reconsidering. We were referring to seemingly archaic practices such as counseling, exercise, and fish oil. Surprisingly, there is some scientific support for these quaint concepts.
Talking Therapy
In our rush-rush world, people rarely take time to talk anymore. The idea that someone could actually sit down for an hour or so and discuss the issues that are causing distress seems outdated. Insurance companies and “mangled care organizations” may not be thrilled at the prospect of paying a psychologist or psychiatrist $100 to $200 a week to do counseling for several months. The bean counters seem to prefer paying for prescription drugs indefinitely. What is so bizarre about this ass-backwards approach is that psychotherapy can enhance the effectiveness of medications and can be stopped once it has been successful. That seems cost-effective to us.
For those in the know, cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and problem-solving therapy are surprisingly effective for mild to moderate depression. 188 Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) got traction in the 1970s. In a nutshell, this therapy works on the premise that depression arises from dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs. We are all influenced by our early learning experiences. When those thought processes
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
The results of well-conducted research suggest that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is as effective as antidepressants in treating depression. The benefits are long lasting and we don’t know of any serious side effects to talking therapy.
Downside: Such treatment can be expensive and it requires an experienced psychotherapist. Identifying someone who has the requisite expertise may not be that easy.
Cost: Approximately $1.00 to $200 per session. This is highly variable depending upon the practitioner’s skill. level and are dysfunctional, they can be triggered by situations later in life and produce depression and other psychiatric symptoms. The trick here is to have skilled therapists help patients identify and challenge negative automatic thoughts so that behavior can be changed.”‘
One study found that “cognitive therapy can be as effective as medications for the initial treatment of moderate to severe major depression but this degree of effectiveness may depend on a high level of therapist experience or expertise.”" Another study found that “cognitive therapy has an enduring effect that extends beyond the end of treatment. It seems to be as effective as keeping patients on medication.”"‘
Exercise
As effective as talking therapy may be for depression, exercise may also be beneficial. Investigators have known for decades that aerobic exercise can improve mood and outlook. Recent research backs this up. A review confirms that exercise can benefit mental health, helpiy to alleviate depression as well as improve physical health.’ According to Canadian reviewers, there is “irrefutable evidence” that physical activity can be effective against depression. 193
One study was dubbed DOSE, for Depression Outcomes Study of Exercise. Men and women between 20 and 45 years of age with mild to moderate depression were asked to exercise for various amounts of time ranging up to 30 minutes of moderate-intensity movement almost every day of the week. That allowed the investigators to compare the “dose response” from exercise. They found that low-intensity exercise was no better than pla- cebo, but high-intensity exercise was an effective treatment
Light
To give your exercise a jump start, go outside and get a little sun on your face. There is growing evidence that light therapy can be beneficial against depression. One eminent psychiatrist reviewed the literature, expecting to find that the research was awful and the therapy didn’t work. Instead, after reviewing the data objectively, he came to the conclusion that phototherapy was “comparable to what has been described in the clinical literature for conventional medications to treat depression. The findings are as strong or as striking.”195,196
Bright light therapy is helpful not only for seasonal af-fective disorder (SAD), which frequently occurs during the winter, but also for depression that occurs at any time of the year. There is evidence that light can enhance the effects of exercise as well as the antidepressant action of medications like citalopram (Celexa).197,’9′
Fish Oil
Grandma might have been right that cod liver oil is good for your mind as well as your body. She may not have had the benefit of randomized, placebo-controlled trials, but we do. Most of them show that fish oil can be helpful against depression. 199 We’re hoping that there will be more studies in the future to determine the best dose of DHA and EPA, the main fatty acids in fish oil. We’re not thrilled with cod liver oil, per se. These days you can obtain pharmaceutical-grade fish oil that does not have the excessive levels of vitamin A you often find in cod liver oil. Too much vitamin A is bad for your bones.
St. John’s Wort
The medical community has had a very hard time grappling with research suggesting that an herb might be as good as an antidepressant like fluoxetine (Prozac) for relieving depression. Nevertheless, there have been dozens of clinical trials demonstrating that St. John’s wort can be effective in treating mild to moderate depression .200 In some studies, St. John’s wort works as well as prescription antidepressants, and it usually has fewer -troublesome side effects.
St. John’s wort has long been prescribed in Europe for treating depression and other mood disorders. Although there are studies showing that the extract is not better than placebo, there are several showing that it works at least as well as prescription antidepressants. Most trials indicate that St. John’s wort appears to be safe and well tolerated, perhaps better tolerated than a pharmaceutical antidepressant.
The way St. John’s wort acts to relieve depression is not known. Scientists don’t even know which of its many constituents might be responsible for the activity. This makes it hard to select an extract appropriately. Only standardized extracts, preferably ones that have been tested and found effective, should be used. Three standardized products that have been tested in Germany are available here. The brand names are Kira, Movana, and Perika.

St. John’s Wort (Hypericum perfornow)
Some people may find that St. John’s wort is an effective antidepressant. As long as it is taken under medical supervision and caution is exercised regarding drug interactions, we think it is worth consideration.
Side effects: Side effects are uncommon and usually mild. Unlike many prescription antidepressants, St. John’s wort does not cause sexual dysfunction. Digestive upset has been reported. Allergic reactions are possible.
Downside: St. John’s wort can cause photosensitization, making the skin and the eyes vulnerable to damage from sunlight. St. John’s wort interacts dangerously with a wide range of prescription medications. Ask your pharmacist or your doctor to check on this possibility if you contemplate taking St. John’s wort together with any other medicine.
Cost: Approximately $15 to $20 a month for Kira brand
The Selegiline (Emsam) Patch
The latest and most interesting chapter in antidepressant therapy involves a prescription skin patch containing the drug selegiline (Emsam). ‘Ibis transdermal medication works in a completely different manner from most current antidepressants. It is called a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAGI). Such drugs were among the first antidepressants ever developed. But they lost their luster because of a potentially deadly. interaction with many foods, beverages, and drugs. The “cheese effect,” as it came to be known, could cause extremely high blood pressure when a person taking a medication like Marplan or Parnate ate an aged cheese such as cheddar. This could result in a stroke.
0 0 *
Q. What can you tell me about selegiline? The vet prescribed it for my elderly dog. She had been very agitated, pacing for hours at a time (sometimes 12 or 15 hours straight!). She would pace until she dropped from exhaustion, sleep for half a day, then get up and start pacing again. She was also drooling excessively, dig-ging compulsively, deliberately knocking things over, and urinating in the house whenever I left.
My vet said these are all symptoms of senile dementia in dogs. I think it was precipitated by the death of my other dog. They had been together for more than 12 years and she just couldn’t handle being alone.
Several days after she started on selegiline all those behaviors stopped completely. It was amazing. She started acting like herself again. After seeing how much it helped my dog, I would definitely take it myself. Do they ever prescribe it for people with memory problems?
A. Our veterinary consultant, Andrea Frost, DVM, says that selegiline can be helpful for dogs with the canine equivalent of senile dementia. When an old dog gets lost in his own house or becomes incontinent because he can’t remember to ask to go out, quality of life for the owner, if not for the dog, has really declined.
Not every dog has as dramatic a response as yours, but selegiline can help buy some old dogs a little more quality time with their human families.
Selegiline is used in human medicine to treat people with Parkinson’s disease and depression. It has been studied against Alzheimer’s disease with mixed results.
0 0 0
The good news is that this new-generation MAGI is far less likely to cause such problems. In the lowest-dose skin patch, there is no food prohibition. When people take higher doses (9 or 12 milligrams), however, they do have to be careful about foods containing tyramine (beef liver, blue cheese, bologna, Brie, broad beans, Camembert, cheddar, Chianti, chicken liver, draft beer, miso soup, Parmesan cheese, pepperoni, salami, sauerkraut, and yeast extract) because their blood pressure could rise dangerously high.
Emsam should not be combined with other antidepressants or St. John’s wort. It is crucial to check with your pharmacist and your physician before combining any other medication when you are using Emsam.

In double-blind trials, scientists determined that Emsam is significantly more effective than placebo. The most common side effects include irritation where the patch is applied to the skin, rash, indigestion, headache, insomnia, diarrhea, dry mouth, and dizziness when standing up suddenly. Sexual side effects appear to be uncommon. Anyone who experiences thoughts of suicide while using this patch should contact the prescribing physician immediately.
Conclusions
If there is one lesson you should learn from this book it is that everyone responds differently to various treatments. That is as true for relieving depression as for lowering cholesterol or controlling diabetes. Some people find that Prozac is an absolute miracle, lifting them from the despair of lifelong depression. Others find it makes them irritable, jittery, and incredibly uncomfortable. There is no good way to predict how any individual will react, so the best advice we can give is to stay vigilant.
If you start to feel better on an antidepressant, that’s great. If you experience no improvement or get worse, contact your health-care professional immediately and seek alternatives. In some cases, combining several approaches such as vigorous exercise, fish oil, and light therapy may be as effective as prescription medicine.
•   Depression can take the wind out of your sails. Do not expect that you will be able to pull yourself together on your own. Seek help from friends, family, and qualified professionals.
•   Antidepressants can be very helpful for some people. There is no clear evidence that one is superior to another. Trial and error may be the only way to tell which one will produce the best results for you.
•   Suicidal thoughts are now recognized as a potential complication of virtually all antidepressant therapy. Family and friends should be especially vigilant during the first few weeks of treatment and whenever your dosage is changed.

Tags: allergic reactions, Anxiety, being, bupropion, celexa, cognitive behavioral therapy, complication, cymbalta, dietary regimen, dizziness, dosage, drug interaction, effectiveness, Effexor, emsam, fish oil, fluoxetine, getting a divorce, HAVING, Head, high blood pressure, HOW, impotence, info, Insomnia, institute of mental health, light exposure, losing a pet, major depression, Medicine, mood disorder, national institute of mental health, nervousness, new england journal of medicine, norepinephrine, one-fourth, overwhelming challenge, paroxetine, prozac, recovery, remission, Research, serotonin, sexual side effects, shocklike, signs of depression, situation, st john s wort, success, sugar, suicidal thoughts, symptom, tailspin, thoughts of suicide, time, Treatment, venlafaxine, vigorous exercise, vitamin, worth consideration, year, year one

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