Jul
10
Proventil (Albuterol)
July 10, 2011 | Leave a Comment
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Jul
7
Nolvadex (Tamoxifen)
July 7, 2011 | Leave a Comment
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Aug
12
Dimenhydrinate - Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride - Disopyramide - Dofetilide
August 12, 2009 | Leave a Comment
Generic Name
Dimenhydrinate (dye-men-HYE-drih-nate) A
Brand Names
Calm-X Dramamine
Dimetabs Triptone
The information in this profile also applies to the following drugs: Generic Ingredient: Meclizine 91
Antivert Bonine
An tOmA 2S Meni-D
Antivert 50 Ru-Vert-M Antrizine
Type of Drug
Antihistamine and antiemetic (an agent that prevents or relieves nausea and vomiting).
Prescribed For
Nausea, vomiting, vertigo, and dizziness associated with motion
sickness.
General Information
Dimenhydrinate, which depresses middle ear function, is a mixture of diphenhydramine—an antihistamine believed to be the active ingredient—and another ingredient. Meclizine is an antihistamine. It takes a little longer to start working than dimenhydrinate, but its effects last much longer. Meclizine does a better job of preventing motion sickness than treating its symptoms. It takes 30 minutes to 1 hour to work and lasts for 12-24 hours.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take dimenhydrinate if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients. Newborn babies should not be given this drug.
People with a prostate condition, stomach ulcer, intestinal obstruction, bladder problems, difficulty urinating, glaucoma, asthma, or abnormal heart rhythms should use dimenhydrinate only while under a doctor’s care.
Because it controls nausea and vomiting, dimenhydrinate may hide the symptoms of appendicitis or overdoses of other drugs.
Possible Side Effects
✓ Most common: drowsiness.
♦ Less common: confusion; nervousness; excitation; restlessness; headache; sleeplessness, especially in children; tingling; heavy or weak hands; fainting; dizziness; tiredness; rapid heartbeat; low blood pressure; heart palpitations; blurred or double vision; difficult or painful urination; increased sensitivity to the sun; appetite loss; nausea; vomiting; diarrhea; upset stomach; constipation; nightmares; rash; drug reaction (symptoms include rash, itching, hives, and breathing difficulties); ringing or buzzing in the ears-, dry mouth, nose, or throat; stuffy nose-, wheezing: and increased chest phlegm OT chest tightness.
Drug Interactions
• This drug should not be taken with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant.
• Taking dimenhydrinate with an alcoholic beverage, other antihistamine, sedative, or other central-nervous-system (CNS)
depressant may cause excessive dizziness, drowsiness, or other signs of depression.
• Side effects of anticholinergics may be increased when taken with dimenhydrinate.
• Combining dimenhydrinate and certain antibiotics that cause dizziness or other ear-related side effects may mask early signs of these side effects, especially in infants and children.
Food Interactions
Take dimenhydrinate with food or milk if it upsets your stomach.
Usual Dose
Dimenhydrinate
Adult and Child (age 13 and over): 50-100 mg-1 or 2 tablets or 4-8 tsp.-30 minutes prior to travel; then every 4-6 hours; do not take more than 400 mg a day.
Child (age 6-12): 25-50 mg-1/2 or 1 tablet or 2-4 tsp.—every 6-43 hours; do not take more than 150 mg a day.
Child (age 2-5): up to 25 mg-1/2 or 1 tablet or 2 tsp.-every 6-8 hours; do not take more than 75 mg a day.
Child (under age 2): Consult your doctor.
Meclizine
Adult and Child (age 13 and over): 25-50 mg 1 hour before travel; repeat every 24 hours for duration of journey. Up to 100 mg a day in divided doses may be needed to control dizziness from other causes.
Child: not recommended.
Overdosage
Symptoms of overdose include drowsiness, clumsiness, unsteadiness, feeling faint, facial flushing, and dry mouth, nose, or throat. Convulsions, coma, and breathing difficulties may also develop. Overdose victims should be taken to a hospital emergency room for treatment. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
N1 Maximum effectiveness against motion sickness, take dimenhydrinate 1-2 hours before traveling; it may still be effective if taken 30 minutes before traveling.
This drug may cause drowsiness: Be extremely cautious when driving, operating hazardous machinery, or doing anything that requires concentration.
Dimenhydrinate may cause dry mouth, nose, or throat. Sugarless candy, gum, or ice chips can usually relieve these symptoms. Constant dry mouth may increase the likelihood of developing tooth decay or gum disease. Pay special attention to oral hygiene while you are taking dimenhydrinate, and contact your doctor if dry mouth lasts more than 2 weeks.
If you forget to take a dose of dimenhydrinate, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the one you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: Animal studies suggest that meclizine may cause birth defects. Do not take any antihistamine without your doctor’s knowledge if you are or might be pregnant —especially during the last 3 months of pregnancy, because newborns may have severe reactions to antihistamines.
Small amounts of dimenhydrinate may pass into breast milk. Dimenhydrinate may also slow milk production. Nursing mothers who must take dimenhydrinate should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors are more sensitive to antihistamine side effects and should take the lowest effective dose.
Generic Name
Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride
(dye-fen-HYE-druh-mene hye-droe-KLOR-ide) 91
Brand Names
40 Winks
AllerM,ly,
AllerMax Maximum Strength Altaryl Children’s Allergy Banophen
Banophen Allergy
Benadryl Allergy
Benadryl Children’s Allergy* Benadryl Children’s Dye Free Benadryl Dye Free Allergy
Liquid Gels
Children’s Pediacare Nighttime Cough’
Compoz Gel Caps
Compoz Nighttime Sleep Aid Diphen AF
Diphenhist
Dormin
Dytuss
Genahist
Midol PM
Miles Nervine
Nytol Quick Caps
Nytol Quick Gels Maximum Strength
Scot-Tussin Allergy*
Siladryl
Simply Sleep
Sleep-Eze 3
Sleepinol Maximum Strength Sleepwell 2-Nice
Snoozefast
Sominex Original Formula Sylphen Cough
TheraFlu Thin Strips Multi Symptom
Triaminic Thin Strips Cough and Runny Nose
Tusstat
Unisom
‘Some products in this brand-name group are alcohol- or sugar-free.
Type of Drug Antihistamine.
Prescribed For
Stuffy and runny nose, itchy eyes, and scratchy throat caused by seasonal allergy and for other symptoms of allergy such as itching, rash, and hives; also prescribed for motion sickness, insomnia, and Parkinson’s disease.
General Information
Antihistamines generally work by blocking the release of histamine (a chemical released by body tissue during an allergic reaction), drying the nose, throat, and eye secretions. Diphenhydramine is the most common active ingredient found in nonprescription sleep aids.
Cautions and Warnings
This drug should not be used if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients. It should be avoided or used wilt extreme care if you have narrow-angle glaucoma, stomach ulcer, intestinal abslmcfion, other stomach problems, difficulty urinating, or enlarged prostate. It should not be used by people who have sleep apnea or deep-breathing problems such as asthma. Use with care if you have a history of thyroid disease, heart disease, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or high blood pressure.
Drug Interactions
• This drug should not be taken with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant.
• The effects of sedatives, sleeping medications, and other central-nervous-system (CNS) depressants will be intensified when combined with diphenhydramine hydrochloride; it is extremely important that doses of these drugs are properly adjusted.
• This drug increases the intoxicating and sedating effects of alcohol.
Food Interactions
Take this drug with food if it upsets your stomach.
Usual Dose
Allergy
Adult: 25-50 mg 3-4 times a day.
Child (over 20 tbs.): 12.5-25 mg 3-4 times a day.
Nighttime Sedation
Adult and Child (age 12 and over): 25-50 mg at bedtime.
couqh. SIN%
Adult and Child (age 12 and over): 25 mg every 4 hours; do not take more than 150 mg in 24 hours.
Child (age 6-12): 12.5 mg every 4 hours; do not take more than 75 mg in 24 hours.
mouth, and weakness.
g, rash, sensitivity to bright light, per-
s, lowering of blood pressure, head-
t, sleeplessness, dizziness, disturbed sion, restlessness, nervousness, irri- eling “high”), tingling and weakness of lurred or double vision, ringing in the , appetite loss, nausea, vomiting, con- urinary difficulties, thickening of lung s of the chest, wheezing, nasal stuffi-
h, nose, or throat.
Possible Side Effects
✓ Common: drowsiness
✓ Less common: itching
• fever, chills
• rapid heartbeat
confusion
euphoria (feelin
hands or feet, blurre
• upset stomach
• diarrhea, secretions, tightnes
• and dry
Child (age 2-6): 6.25 mg every 4 hours; do not take more than
25 mg in 24 hours.
Child (under age 2): not recommended.
Thin Strips
TheraFlu
Adult and Child (age 12 and over): 1 strip every 4 hours; do not take more than 6 strips in 24 hours.
Triaminic
Child (age 6-12): 1 strip every 4 hours; do not take more than 6 strips in 24 hours.
Overdosage
Symptoms of overdose include depression or stimulation—especially in children; dry mouth; fixed or dilated pupils; flushing; and upset stomach. Overdose victims should be made to vomit with ipecac syrup—available at any pharmacy. Take the overdose victim to a hospital emergency room immediately if you cannot induce vomiting. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
This drug may cause drowsiness. Be extremely cautious when driving or operating hazardous equipment.
If you are taking this medication for motion sickness, take the first dose at least 30 minutes prior to exposure.
If you forget to take a dose of diphenhydramine hydrochloride, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the one you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: Animal studies have shown that some antihistamines may cause birth defects. Do not take any antihistamine without your doctor’s knowledge if you are or might be pregnant—especially during the last 3 miDMIns of pregnancy—because newborns may have severe reactions to antihistamines.
SMM) amounts of antihistamine pass into breast milk. Nursing mothers who must take this drug should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors are more sensitive to antihistamine side effects and may require lower dosages.
Generic Name
Disopyramide (die-soe-PIE-rah-mide) 92
Brand Names Norpace
Type of Drug Antiarrhythmic.
Prescribed For Abnormal heart rhythms.
General Information
Disopyramide phosphate slows the rate at which nerve impulses are carried through heart muscle, reducing the response of heart muscle to those impulses. It acts on the heart similarly to the more widely used antiarrhythmic medications procainamide hydrochloride and quinidine sulfate. Disopyramide is often prescribed for people who do not respond to other antiarrhythmic drugs.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take disopyramide if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients or if you have heart block, unless you have a cardiac pacemaker.
This drug can worsen heart failure or trigger severely low blood pressure. It should be used in combination with another antiarrhythmic agent or beta blocker with caution.
In rare instances, disopyramide has caused a reduction in blood-sugar levels. Therefore, the drug should be used with caution by diabetics, older adults—who are more susceptible to this effect—and people with poor kidney or liver function. Ask your doctor if you should have your blood-sugar levels checked while taking this drug.
Because of its anticholinergic effects, men with a severe prostate condition and people who have glaucoma, myasthenia gravis, or severe difficulty uritx;aA:jng should use disopyramide with caution.
People with liver or kidney disease must take a reduced dose of disopyramide.
Potassium levels affect the action of disopyramide. People with blood potassium levels that are out of the normal range must correct this imbalance before starting disopyramide.
Norpace CR
Possible Side Effects
♦ Most common: dry mouth, urinary difficulty, and constipation.
♦ Common: blurred vision; dry eyes, nose, and throat; frequent urination; nausea; stomach pain or bloating; gas; dizziness; fatigue; headache; and nervousness.
♦ Less common: itching, rashes, muscle weakness, generalized aches and pains, not feeling well, low blood-potassium levels, increases in blood-cholesterol and triglyceride levels, heart failure, and low blood pressure.
♦ Rare: Rare side effects can occur in almost any part of the body. Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Drug Interactions
• Phenytoin and rifarnpin may increase the rate at which the body removes disopyramide from the blood. Your disopyramide dose may need alteration if this combination is used. Other drugs known to increase drug breakdown by the liver, such as barbiturates and primidone, may also have this effect.
• Other antiarrhythmic drugs, such as procainamide and quinidine, may increase the effect of disopyramide, making dosage reduction necessary. At the same time, disopyramide may reduce the effectiveness of quinidine.
• When disopyramide is combined with a beta-blocking drug, increased disopyramide effects, additive effects, or depression of heart function may result.
• Azole antifungals, clarithromycin, diclofenac, doxycycline, erythromycin, imatinib, isoniazid, nefazodone, nicardipine, propofol, protease inhibitors, telithromycin, and verapamil may increase the amount of disopyramide in your blood, causing abnormal heart rhythms or other cardiac effects.
• Disopyramide may reduce the effectiveness of oral anticoagulant (blood-thinning) drugs. Your doctor should check your anticoagulant dosage to be sure you are getting the right amount.
• Hydantoins may cause a decrease in the effectiveness of disopyramide.• Disopyramide may increase the amount of digoxin in your blood, though the amount of the increase is not likely to af-
fect your heart.
• St. John’s wort may decrease disopyramide levels.
Food Interactions
Disopyramide should be taken on an empty stomach at least 1
hour before or 2 hours after meals. Usual Dose
Adult: 400-800 mg a day (divided into 2 or 4 doses for the immediate-release form). In severe cases, 400 mg every 6 hours may be required. This level of dosage should be monitored in the hospital. The sustained-release preparation is taken every 12 hours. People with reduced kidney function should receive a lower dosage, depending on the degree of kidney function present. People with liver failure should take 400 mg a day.
Child (age 13-18): 2.5-7 mg a day per lb. of body weight. Child (age 5-12): 4.5-7 mg a day per lb. of body weight. Child (age 1-4): 4.5-9 mg a day per lb. of body weight.
Child (under age 1): 4.5-13.5 mg a day per lb. of body weight.
Overdosage
Overdose symptoms are breathing difficulties, abnormal heart rhythms, and unconsciousness. In severe cases, overdosage can lead to death. Overdose victims should be made to vomit with ipecac syrup—available at any pharmacy—to remove any remaining drug from the stomach. Call your doctor or poison control center before doing this. If you must go to a hospital emergency room, ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container. Prompt and vigorous treatment can mean the difference between life and death in severe overdosage.
Special Information
Disopyramide may cause symptoms of low blood sugar: anxiety, chills, cold sweats, drowsiness, excessive hunger, nausea, nervousness, rapid pulse, shakiness, uaus~M% weakness, tiredness, or cool, pale skim If kNSN)appens to you, eat some chocolate, candy, U rilher high-sugar food, and call your doctor at once.
Disopyramide can cause dry mouth, urinary difficulty, constipation, or blurred vision. Call your doctor if these symptoms become severe or intolerable, but do not stop taking the medication without your doctor’s approval.
If disopyramide is required for a child and capsules are not appropriate, your pharmacist can make a liquid product. Do not do this at home: This medication requires special preparation. The liquid should be refrigerated and protected from light and should be thrown away after 30 days.
Do not crush, chew, or open sustained-release capsules.
If you forget to take a dose of disopyramide, take it as soon as possible. However, if it is within 4 hours of your next dose, skip the dose you forgot and go back to your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose.
Special Populations
PregnancylBreast-feeding: Do not take this drug if you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant while using it, because it will pass into the fetus and may affect its development. When disopyramide is considered crucial by your doctor, its potential benefits must carefully be weighed against its risks.
Disopyramide passes into breast milk. Nursing mothers who must take this drug should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors, especially those with liver or kidney disease, are more sensitive to the effects of this drug.
Generic Name
Dofetilide (DOH-fet-a-lyed)
Brand Name Tikosyn
Type of Drug Antiarrhythmic.
Prescribed For
Specific abnormal heart rhythms.
General Information
Dofetilide is used to establish and maintain normal sinus rhythm in the heart. Dofetilide is available only to hospitals and doctors who receive specific training and education on how to use this drug because of the risks associated with using it.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take dofetilide if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients.
Dofetilide is reserved for people whose abnormal heart rhythms have not responded to other drugs. People taking dofetilide must be in a hospital or other facility for at least 3 days where appropriate blood tests can be performed to monitor kidney and heart function.
This drug is cleared through the kidneys. Poor kidney function increases the amount of dofetilide in the body. Liver disease has no effect on dofetilide blood levels.
Dofetilide, like other antiarrhythmic drugs, can cause severe and sometimes fatal abnormal rhythms of its own.
Do not take dofetilide without first talking to your doctor if you have a low blood level of potassium or magnesium.
Women may be at a greater risk for some arrhythmias caused by dofetilide.
Possible Side Effects
Serious heart arrhythmias can develop in up to 31b% of patients taking up to 1000 mcg a day of dofetilide. People taking daily doses above 1000 mcg a day are at up to 5 times greater risk for arrhythmias.
• Most common: headache, chest pain, and respiratory infection.
♦ Common: difficulty breathing, nausea, and dizziness.
♦ Less common: flu; sleeplessness; accidental injury; back pain; diarrhea; abdominal pain; angina; anxiety: joint pain; weakness; atrial and ventricular arrhythmia; high blood pressure; pain; heart palpitations; swollen legs, ankles, or arms; sweating; and urinary infections.
♦ Rare: some arrhythmias, heart attack, hives, slow heartbeat, stroke, facial or other paralysis, tingling in the hands or feet, cough, liver damage, migraine, fainting, and sudden death. Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
‘D?Ug Interactions
Dofetilide should not be given with drugs that are known to interact with it. Dofetilide must be stopped at least 2 days before any potentially interacting drug is taken.
• Do not mix dofetilide with any product containing verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, or trimethoprim, used for urinary infections. These combinations can substantially raise the amount of dofetilide in the blood.
• Some drugs may increase the amount of dofetilide in the blood by inhibiting enzymes that break it down in the liver. They include delavirdine, indinavir, btonavir, saquinavir, amiodarone, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, clarithromycin, cannabis, diltiazem, erythromycin, fluconazole, fluvoxamine, itraconazole, ketoconazole, mifepristone, nefazodone, norfloxacin, mibefradil, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIS), troleandomycin, and zatirlukast.
• Some drugs may reduce the amount of dofetilide in the blood by stimulating enzymes that break it down in the liver, including efavirenz, nevirapine, carbamazepine, corticosteroids, modafanil, phenobarbital and other barbiturates, phenytoin, pioglitazone, and rifampin. Amiloride, metformin, megestrol, and triamterene can interfere with the elimination of dofetilide via the kidney, raising blood levels of the drug.
• Other drugs that can increase the effects of dofetilide are Other antiarrhythmic drugs, bepridil, phenothiazines, and tricyclic antidepressants.
• Mixing dofetilide with digoxin may lead to a ventricular arrhythmia called torsade de pointes. Thiazides, furosemide, and other potassium-depleting diuretics can also increase the risk of this arrhythmia.
Food Interactions
Grapefruit juice may increase dofetilide blood levels.
Usual Dose
Adult: 125-500 mcg twice a day.
Child (under 18 years): not recommended.
Overdosage
Dofetilide overdose is likely to cause significant heart rhythm problems. Overdose victims must be treated symptomatically by their cardiologist.
Special Information
Read all information supplied to you before you begin taking this medication and read it again if anything in your treatment program changes.
Tell your doctor about any changes in your prescription or nonprescription drug use or in your use of vitamins, minerals, and other dietary supplement products.
Be sure that any other doctor or hospital that treats you and might prescribe another drug knows you are taking dofetilide.
Call your doctor at once if you develop any signs of altered electrolyte balance including excessive or prolonged diarrhea, sweating, vomiting, appetite changes, or excessive thirst.
If you forget to take a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the dose you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: Dofetilide causes birth defects in animal studies. Pregnant women should take this drug only after discussing with their doctors its potential benefits and risks.
It is unknown whether dofetilide passes into breast milk. Nursing mothers who take it should consider using infant formula.
Seniors: Older adults may take this drug without special restriction.
Jul
18
Prostatitis Terminology Glossary.
July 18, 2009 | Leave a Comment
Glossary
ACUTE - Often used to describe a disorder, or symptom, that comes on suddenly. An acute condition may or may not be severe, but it is usually of short duration.
ANDROGENS - Bodily hormones that help in the development of male sex characteristics. Testosterone is the most important of these.
ANUS - The exterior opening, through which waste products are excreted, located at the end of the digestive tract.
BACTERIA - A group of single-celled micro-organisms, many -though not all - of which cause diseases.
BENIGN - Not malignant. Characteristic of a mild illness. Recovery is likely.
BIOPSY - The removal of tissue from a patient so that it may be
studied under a microscope in order to make a precise diagnosis.
BLADDER - An elastic sac that stores urine before it is excreted from the body.
BOGGY - A term used to describe the prostate when it is swollen, spongy and soft.
CANCER - A group of diseases in which symptoms are due to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells creating a cellular tumour. These cells can spread throughout the body through the bloodstream or the lymphatic system.
CAPSULE - The structure in which an item, such as the prostate, is enclosed.
CATHETER - A hollow, flexible, surgical tube that is used to drain or inject fluid. It is used, in particular, to drain urine via the urethra from the bladder.
CAT SCAN (CT SCAN) - A diagnostic imaging technique using X-rays and computer technology to provide cross-sectional pictures of the body.
CHLAMYDIA - A group of non-bacterial infections in the urethra and genital tract, and one of the most common sexually-transmitted diseases.
CHRONIC - A chronic condition is one that persists fora long time (sometimes in spite of treatment).
CYSTOSCOPE - A lighted viewing instrument that is inserted up the urethra in order to examine the urethra and the bladder.
DYSURIA - Pain on passing urine.
EJACULATION - The act of emission of semen from the penis.
ENZYME - A protein that regulates the rate of a chemical reaction in the body. Every cell in the body produces various enzymes.
ERECTION - The stiffening, hardening and elevation that occur in the penis in response to sexual arousal.
FREQUENCY - The need to urinate at short intervals.
GENITALS - The reproductive organs - both male and female, both internal and external.
GENITO-URINARY - Referring to a man’s or woman’s reproductive and urinary tract.
GLAND - A group of specialised cells that manufacture and release certain chemicals, including hormones and enzymes, for use in the body.
HAEMATURIA - Blood in the urine.
HAEMOSPERMIA - Blood in the seminal fluid.
HESITANCY - Slowness to start the initial urinary flow.
HORMONE - A chemical that is released into the bloodstream by a particular gland or tissue and which has a specific effect on tissues elsewhere in the body.
HYPERPLASIA - Cell proliferation.
HYPERTROPHY - The excessive, abnormal growth of an organ.
IMPOTENCE - Inability to achieve a good enough erection for sexual intercourse.
INCONTINENCE, URINARY - Inability to control the passing of urine.
INTERMITTENCY - Stopping and starting the flow of urine, often resulting in an inability to empty the bladder completely.
INTRAVENOUS PYELOGRAM (IVP) - Also known as urography.
• diagnostic procedure for taking X-ray pictures of the urinary tract.
• dye - or, to give its proper name, a radio-opaque medium - is injected intravenously into the bloodstream, which then shows up on X-rays when it is excreted by the kidneys, ureter and bladder.
KIDNEYS - Two small organs located on either side of the spinal column. Impurities in the blood are removed in the kidneys and dissolved to form urine.
LASER - An acronym, which stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser beams, which are concentrations of light and heat, can be used to cut, and are now being employed increasingly in surgery.
LIBIDO - Sexual desire.
MALIGNANT - Not benign. Cancerous, with the ability to invade other tissues, and to spread, or metastasise, throughout the body.
METASTASIS - A resulting cancer that has spread from another part of the body. Metastases are spread by the bloodstream or the lymph system.
MID-STREAM URINE (MSU) - A urine sample is taken mid-way in the flow of urination - neither at the beginning nor at the end, which gives less opportunity for contamination from surrounding tissues. This gives the best sample for culture or analysis.
NOCTURIA - The urge to urinate during the night, which wakes you up and means you have to get up to go to the toilet. Normally, the kidneys will produce less urine during the night when you are asleep, and the bladder will not signal that it is full until the morning. If the bladder is irritable, however, or if there is residual urine left over in the bladder, a man will be woken by the sensation of a full bladder.
ORCHIDECTOMY - The surgical removal of one or both testicles.
ORGASM - The ultimate climax of the sexual act. In a man, ejaculation normally occurs at this point.
PEAK URINE FLOW - The maximum urine flow that a man can produce, measured in millilitres per second.
PERINEUM - The area between the scrotum and anus.
PROSCAR (Finasteride) - A popular prosratitis treatment prescription drug. You can buy it online without a prescription. Generic Proscar is available in 5mg pills. Purchase Finasteride (generic Proscar) at a very affordable price.
PROSTATECTOMY - The surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland.
PROSTATE GLAND - Male gland, about the size of a chestnut, through which the urethra, or urinary pipe, passes.
RADIATION - Energy that is emitted in the form of waves or particles of light. Used in medicine for both diagnosis and treatment.
RADIOTHERAPY - The use of radiation in medicine for the treatment of disease, usually cancer.
RESECTOSCOPE - A surgical instrument that allows the surgeon to see inside the urethra and is used in a transurethral prostatectomy (TURP).
SCROTUM - The pouch at a man’s crotch containing the testicles.
SEMEN - The fluid that is produced by the male on ejaculation.
SEMINAL FLUID - The fluid that is emitted by the penis when a man ejaculates.
SECRETIONS - The manufacture and release by a gland, cell or organ of chemical substances.
SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASE - One of the many diseases that can be transmitted through sexual relations. Used to be known as venereal disease.
SITZ BATH - A sit-down bath, which can be beneficial to people suffering from rectal and urinary problems.
SPERM - The male sex cell produced by the testes, also known as spermatozoon (singular) or spermatozoa (plural), which can fertilise the female egg, or ovum.
STERILITY - The inability of a man to father children.
TESTICLES - A man’s two reproductive glands located in his scrotum. The testicles produce sperm and androgens (primarily testosterone).
ULTRASOUND - Also known as sonography. A diagnostic technique in which very high frequency sound waves are passed into the body, and reflected echoes are analysed to build up a picture of the internal organs. The procedure is entirely safe, and quite painless.
URETHRA- Urinary pipe which passes through the penis, through which urine passes from the bladder to the outside. Seminal fluids also pass through the urethra during ejaculation.
URINARY FLOW RATE - How quickly urine is voided from the bladder at the peak of urination. If the urinary flow is weaker than normal, it may indicate that there is some urethral obstruction.
URINE - The pale yellow fluid produced by the kidneys, which is excreted four the body via the bladder and the urethra.
URINE CULTURE - The study of a sample of urine to allow the growth of micro-organisms. This allows a urinary tract infection to be identified.
UROLOGIST - Doctor specialising in disorders of the urinary tract and the male genital tract.
VASECTOMY - Male sterilisation, performed by cutting through the vas deferens on each side of the body, which carry sperm from the testicles to the urethra.
X-RAY - Probably the best known of all imaging techniques, first discovered by Wilhelm Konrad Rbntgen in 1895. It is a useful diagnostic procedure, using electromagnetic radiations of short wave length, which produce high-quality images of bones, organs and internal tissues.
Jul
16
Allopurinol
July 16, 2009 | Leave a Comment
Generic Name
Allopurinol (al-oe-PURE-in-nol)
Brand Name Zyloprim
Type of Drug
Antigout medication.
Prescribed For
Gout or gouty arthritis; also prescribed to counter the effects of certain therapies for cancer, ulcers, abnormal heart rhythms in heart bypass patients, seizures, and other conditions that may be associated with too much uric acid in the body.
General Information
Unlike other antigout drugs, which affect the elimination of uric acid from the body, allopurinol acts on the system that manufactures uric acid in your body. A high level of uric acid can indicate that you have gout, psoriasis, cancer, or any of a number of other diseases. High levels of uric acid can also be caused by taking certain drugs.
In mouthwash form, allopurinol helps to prevent mouth, stomach, and intestinal ulcers caused by fluorouracil, an antineoplastic drug. Allopurinol may be given before heart bypass surgery to reduce abnormal rhythms and other surgical complications. It can be used to reduce the relapse rates of duodenal ulcers associated with Helicobacter pylori infection and to reduce the vomiting of blood from stomach irritation caused by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Allopurinol has also been used to control seizures in people for whom standard treatments are not effective.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take allopurinol if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients, or if you have ever developed a severe reaction to it. Stop taking the medication immediately and contact your doctor if you develop a rash or any other adverse effects while taking allopurinol. Do not start taking allopurinol again if you stopped it because of a severe reaction.
Allopurinol should be used by children only if they have high uric acid levels due to neoplastic disease or to rare metabolic conditions.
A few cases of liver toxicity have been associated with allopurinol; they improved when the drug was stopped. People taking allopurinol should periodically be tested for liver and kidney function. People with severely compromised kidney function should ake a reduced dose of allopurinol.
Possible Side Effects
✓ Most common: rash associated with severe, allergic, or sensitivity reaction to allopurinol. If you develop an unusual rash or other sign of drug toxicity, stop taking this medication and contact your doctor.
✓ Less common: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, intermittent stomach pain, gas, upset stomach, headache, insomnia, tingling or numbness in the hands and feet, muscle or joint pain, and drowsiness or lack of ability to concentrate.
✓ Rare: Rare side effects can occur in almost any part of the body. Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Drug Interactions
• Large doses of drugs that make your urine more acidic, like megadoses of vitamin C, may increase the risk of kidney stone formation.
• Alcohol, diazoxide, mecamylamine, or pyrazinamide can increase the amount of uric acid in your blood; an increase in your allopurinol dose may be required.
• Allopurinol may increase the action of azathioprine, mercaptopurine, or cyclophosphamide and other anticancer drugs, leading to possible toxicity, bleeding, or infection.
• Allopurinol may prolong the effects of chloropropamide, and can lead to hypoglycemic reactions in patients with kidney disease.
• Taking allopurinol with probenecid or sulfinpyrazone may cause excessive reduction of uric acid.
• Allopurinol may interact with some anticoagulant (blood-thinning) medications, reducing the rate at which the anti-coagulant is broken down in the body. Dosage reduction may be necessary.
• People who are susceptible to ampicillin, amoxicillin, bacampicillin, or hetacillin rash are more likely to develop such a reaction while also taking allopurinol.
• Combining a thiazide diuretic or an ACE inhibitor (for high blood pressure or heart failure) with allopurinol increases the risk of a drug-sensitivity reaction.
• Combining vidarabine with allopurinol may increase the risk of neurotoxic effects and anemia, nausea, pain, and itching.
• Large doses of allopurinol—more than 600 mg a day—may increase the effects of and risk of toxic reactions to theophylline by interfering with its clearance from the body.
Food Interactions
Take each dose with food or a full glass of water. Drink 10-12 glasses of water, juices, soda, or another liquid each day to avoid the formation of crystals in your urine or kidneys.
Usual Dose
Adult and Child (age 11 and over): 100-800 mg a day, depend-, ing on disease and response.
Child (age 6-10): 300 mg a day.
Child (under age 6): 150 mg a day.
The dose should be reviewed periodically by your doctor to be sure that it is producing the desired therapeutic effect.
Overdosage
The expected symptoms of overdose are exaggerated side effects. Allergic skin reactions to allopurinol can be severe and at times fatal. Allopurinol overdose victims should be taken to a hospital. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
Allopurinol can make you drowsy or make it difficult to concentrate: Take care while driving a car or operating hazardous equipment.
Gout attacks may actually increase during the first few months of taking allopurinol. These attacks should subside.
Call your doctor at once if you develop rash, hives, itching, chills, fever, nausea, muscle aches, unusual tiredness, fever, yellowing of the whites of the eyes or skin, painful urination, blood in the urine, irritation of the eyes, or swelling of the lips or mouth.
Avoid large doses of vitamin C, which can cause the formation of kidney stones during allopurinol treatment. Be sure to drink 1012 8-oz. glasses of water a day while taking this medication.
If you forget to take a dose of allopurinol, take it as soon as possible. If it is almost time for your next regular dose, double this dose. For example, if your regular dose is 100 mg and you miss a dose, take 200 mg at the next usual dose time.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: Allopurinol may cause birth defects or interfere with fetal development. Check with your doctor before taking it if you are or might be pregnant.
Allopurinol passes into breast milk. Nursing mothers who must take allopurinol should use infant formula.
Seniors: No special precautions are required. Follow your doctor’s directions and report any side effects at once.
Jul
16
Alitretinoin
July 16, 2009 | Leave a Comment
Generic Name
Alitretinoin (al-ih-TRET-in-oin)
Brand Name
Panretin
Type of Drug Retinoid.
Prescribed For
Skin lesions of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS).
General Information
Alitretinoin binds to and activates retinoid receptors in human cells. Once activated, these receptors help stimulate the body’s natural mechanisms for limiting tissue growth—in this case, the growth of KS cells. KS lesions, which are primarily associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), can respond to alitretinoin in as little as 2 weeks, but most people do not start to see results for 48 weeks or, in some cases, 14 weeks or more.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not use alitretinoin if you are allergic or sensitive to retinoids or to any of its ingredients.
Alitretinoin is applied to individual KS lesions. It does not treat systemic KS or prevent new KS lesions from forming.
People requiring systemic KS treatment (those who have developed more than 10 new KS lesions within a month) should not use alitretinoin.
People with swollen lymph glands, KS that affects the lungs or other major organ involvement should not use alitretinoin.
Possible Side Effects .
✓ Most common: rash and burning pain at application site.
♦ Common: itchy, flaking, peeling, cracking, oozing, swelling, and inflammation at application site.
Drug Interactions
• Do not use insect repellant products that contain DEET, a widely used chemical repellant. Alitretinoin increases DEET toxicity.
Usual Dose
Adult: Apply 2-4 times a day to KS skin lesions. Seniors should use this drug with caution.
Child: not recommended.
Overdosage
Little is known about the effects of accidental ingestion. Call your local poison control center or a hospital emergency room for information. If you seek treatment, ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
Apply enough alitretinoin gel to cover the entire skin lesion. Allow the gel to dry for 3-5 minutes before covering the area with clothing. Avoid showering, bathing, or swimming for at least 3 hours.
If you use a bandage or dressing, be sure it is not tight and that air can circulate freely over the area.
Avoid applying alitretinoin to unaffected skin because it may be irritated by the drug. Avoid applying near the nose, eyes, or mouth.
Alitretinoin contains alcohol. Always keep it away from any open flame.
Retinoids can cause unusual sensitivity to the sun. While this has not been seen with alitretinoin, you should avoid prolonged exposure to the sun or use sunscreen while taking this drug.
If you forget a dose, apply it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, apply the forgotten dose and then space the rest of your doses throughout the day. Continue with your regular schedule the next day.
Special Populations
PregnancylBreast-feeding., Alitretinoin can harm the fetus when sufficient levels of the drug are present in the mother’s bloodstream, but it is not known if these levels are achieved during routine use of alitretinoin. Women who are or might be pregnant should only use this drug after discussing its potential benefits and risks with their doctors.
It is not known if alitretinoin passes into breast milk. Nursing mothers who must use alitretinoin should use infant formula.
Seniors: There is no information on use of alitretinoin by seniors. Seniors should use it with caution.
Jul
3
Allergy: Quercetin and Bromelain
July 3, 2009 | Leave a Comment
Quercetin and Bromelain
Two other natural products that may be worth consideration against allergies are quercetin and bromelain. Quercetin is an antioxidant flavonoid that is found in many fruits, vegetables, and herbs. The anti-inflammatory effect of quercetin helps stabilize mast cells. These are the cells in your eyes, nose, and lungs (and other places in your body) that are highly sensitive to allergens.
Think of mast cells as floating mines. When they come into contact with allergens like ragweed pollen or dust mite poop, a switch gets thrown on these cellular “mines” and all hell breaks loose. Mast cells start releasing histamine and other chemicals called kinins (pronounced KYE-nins), which then turn on a cascade of other nasty things like leukotrienes and prostaglandins. The end result is sneezing, itching, inflammation, and congestion.
Quercetin, especially when combined with bromelain (an enzyme derived from pineapple), seems to stabilize mast cells and make them less likely to trigger the release of such chemicals.
We think such an approach may be more logical than trying to block the effect of histamine with antihistamines.
Think of it this way. If your mast cells are like a barn holding in a bunch of wild horses (histamine molecules), then what would be more efficient—reinforcing the door and walls of the barn to keep those wild histamines inside or trying to protect all the grass in your pasture from having those histamine “horses” nibbling away at it? Antihistamines are like a chemical barrier that tries to protect your grass once the horses are out of the barn. But they are not 100 percent efficient, and some histamine will always find a target and wreak havoc. Keeping the barn closed tightly (or the mast cells stabilized) seems to us to be a more effective approach.
Jul
3
Allergy: Diagnosis and FAQs
July 3, 2009 | Leave a Comment
ALLERGIES
• Install an Aprilaire HEPA-type air filter
• Use a high-quality vacuum cleaner (Miele)
• Rinse your nasal passages with saltwater
• Try vitamin C
• Experiment with the herbs stinging nettle and butterbur
• Try Nasal Crom (cromolyn) spray to prevent allergy symptoms
• Look for loratadine, an over-the-counter antihistamine
• Ask your doctor about a steroid nasal spray
• Consider pseudoephedrine for symptomatic relief
Breathing is basic. Most of the time we take it for granted. But if your nose is congested and your sinuses are stopped up, you are miserable. For one thing, your head feels as if it’s full of cotton. Studies have found that people suffering from allergies frequently experience sleep difficulties, fatigue, poor concentration, drowsiness, irritability, delayed reaction times, memory problems, and cognitive impairment. When you are in the middle of an allergy attack it is hard to drive safely even if you are not sneezing. Making decisions or operating other kinds of machinery can also be problematic.
Paradoxically, although antihistamines are the mainstay of allergy treatment, they can also cause drowsiness, delayed reaction times, sedation, and cognitive impairment. Even the so-called second-generation nonsedating antihistamines that are so heavily advertised to consumers may not be as benign as drug companies would have you believe. When given in doses that are adequate to relieve symptoms, some of these nonsedating antihistamines may also make people drowsy and impair performance.
Research has shown that driving skills are affected with both the older and the newer antihistamines. A massive study conducted for the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration discovered that driving while drowsy—no matter what the cause—increased the risk of a crash or near crash by four to six times.
Physicians often think of allergies as more of a nuisance than a life-threatening condition. But we now realize that impairment poses huge risks if people are driving. And allergy symptoms don’t just occur in the spring and fall, when pollen is in the air. Nowadays many folks are congested all year long. At last count, 50 million people are sensitive to things like dust mites, cat dander, cockroaches, mold spores, and pollens from oak, elm, and maple trees as well as ragweed and rye, blue,and Bermuda grasses.24 Symptoms include nasal stuffiness, runny nose, itching, sneezing, and coughing. Chronic sinusitis, which may develop as a consequence of allergies, affects more than 30 million people. And asthma, which can be life threatening, often has an allergic and inflammatory component.
What is so scary about these statistics is that they keep going up. No one knows why, but it appears that more people are suffering than ever before.
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Conclusions
Allergies don’t get the respect they deserve. When you complain about your congestion, most friends and family members will barely sympathize. But allergies can slow you down and make you dangerous behind the wheel. Finding the right treatment to ease your symptoms without causing worse problems is a challenge. Combining several options, including environmental control, may be the most effective solution for solving this common problem.
• Use a HEPA-type air filter and a dehumidifier to remove allergens from the air you breathe and make the environment inhospitable for the three Ms of allergy—mold, mildew, and mites.
• Get a high-quality vacuum cleaner that won’t spew dust and dirt back into the air. Miele models rank high on our list.
• Wash your nasal passages with saline. A neti pot will help.
• Consider an herbal approach such as stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) or butterbur (Petasites hybridus). Men with prostate enlargement may find nettles especially helpful since some OTC allergy medicines may make this condition worse.
• The natural products quercetin and bromelain may help stabilize mast cells and prevent histamine release.
• Cromolyn (NasalCrom) is an OTC remedy that also stabilizes mast cells. It should be used preventively before exposure to allergens occurs. Cromolyn does not cause drowsiness.
• Oral antihistamines can control symptoms, but they may also make you dangerous on the highways. Even nonsedating products may interfere with driving ability. Generic loratadine (Claritin) is now available without a prescription.
• Among prescription allergy medicines, steroid nasal sprays offer the most effective symptom relief with a minimum of side effects. The cost is significant, since they are available only by prescription. One generic variety (flunisolide) is less expensive than brand-name products like Flonase and Rhinocort AQ.
• Pseudoephedrine can be surprisingly effective at controlling allergy symptoms. Beware of side effects such as insomnia, nervousness, high blood pressure, and irregular heart rhythms.
Jul
2
Acne: Blue Light Photodynamic Therapy
July 2, 2009 | Leave a Comment
Blue Light Photodynamic Therapy
The latest thing in acne treatment is the Dusa Blue Light. The FDA initially approved this therapy for treating precancerous skin lesions called actinic keratoses. The approach utilizes a special photosensitizing chemical, aminolevulinic acid.
Dusa Blue Light
For people with precancerous skin lesions or severe acne, the Blue Light may be a valuable tool. The skin may took worse for a few days, but within a week or two the acne should clear up significantly. Results may last several months. This photodynamic therapy requires a two-step process: First a photosensitizing chemical.(Levulan Kerastick) is applied to the skin and then removed. Then the skin is exposed to the special light.
Side effects: Crusting, stinging, and redness.
Downside: Cannot be used if you have active cold sores (herpes simplex) or warts, if you’ve recently had chemotherapy, or if you are pregnant. People who have used isotretinoin within the last year may not be able to undergo Blue Light therapy. Stay out of the sun and avoid fluorescent light exposure for a couple of days after treatment.
Cost: Varies according to the practitioner. Some plastic surgeons charge $500 to $1,000 for a series of treatments. It is then rinsed off and the patient sits in front of the Dusa Blue Light for 8 to 12 minutes. This special fluorescent tube emits a narrow band of blue light (417-nanometer wavelength). It is not a laser. It looks like an ordinary fluorescent light.
This photodynamic therapy reverses precancerous damage to the skin and also seems to undo some of the effects of long-term sun exposure. In addition, this treatment appears to change the hair follicle and make the environment inhospitable for acne-causing bacteria. Dermatologists who adopted the Blue Light early on seem quite enthusiastic about its use for hard-to-treat acne. There is also a hint that it may help “rejuvenate” skin by reducing wrinkles and improving skin texture. It is a rather expensive treatment course, more expensive than taking Accutane Isotretion for acne treatment. Accutane remains one of the most popular remedies for fighting acne. Generic Accutane is available to buy online at a very affordable price without a prescription.
Jul
2
Isotretinoin in Acne Treatment
July 2, 2009 | Leave a Comment
Isotretinoin
Dermatologists have one last big gun, a powerful medicine to use in desperate cases when nothing else has worked. Isotretinoin has stirred a lot of emotions—from excitement to fear—because it is so effective but also has some extremely serious side effects. This drug is approved for severe cystic acne, and it really should be reserved for acne that is not responding to other treatments.
From the time of its introduction, the maker of Accutane Isotretinoin strove to get across the point that this drug can cause birth defects. Women who take this medication must. not get pregnant while they are on the drug or for several months after stopping it. (The compound stays in the body for a while.) Nonetheless, the manufacturer’s warnings have not been enough. Every year some women on isotretinoin do conceive, despite all the precautions. As a result, the FDA and the manufacturer have limited the access to this medicine. To prescribe it, a dermatologist must have enrolled in the iPLEDGE program, which educates physicians about the drug. Patients are also required to enroll in the iPLEDGE program and view the educational DVD before taking the first dose. The program uses telephone- and computer-based tracking to verify that female patients are getting Isotretinoin (Accutane, Amnesteem, Cla r a v i s, S o t r e t).
Isotretinoin is chemically related to vitamin A, so it controls cell division. Four to 5 months of treatment usually results in significant clearing of acne, sometimes lasting years.
Common side effects: Dry lips and mouth; dry, crusty skin; upset stomach; hair loss; nosebleed; sun sensitivity; elevated cholesterol; and reduced night vision.
Serious side effects: Birth defects; depression, potentially leading to suicidal thoughts or behaviors; inflammation of the pancreas; pressure on the brain (pseudotumor cerebri) causing severe headache.
Downside: Despite efforts to keep this drug away from pregnant women, each year some babies are exposed in utero and born with birth defects. Women must use two different and effective means of contraception throughout the time they are taking Isotretinoin.
Cost: Varies widely from about $100 to $400 for 1 month of treatment.
Q. I have been on Accutane to treat bad acne for almost a month. I have taken 26 tablets, but stopped taking it when I thought I might be pregnant.
I found out yesterday that I am indeed pregnant, and I am scared. I want to have this baby, but after reading about the drug causing birth defects, I am not sure. What should I do?
A. We were shocked to learn that you have become pregnant while taking Accutane. This acne medicine can cause very serious birth defects in a fetus. That is why the manufacturer recommends every woman have a pregnancy test before she starts on this drug and use effective contraception throughout therapy. Every time a pill is removed from its packaging, a symbol reminds the patient not to take this drug during pregnancy. Please discuss this serious matter with your physician and your partner. The drug company can provide further information about your odds of having a baby with severe health problems.
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