Generic Name
Fenofibrate (fen-oe-Flli-brace) IM
Brand Names
Antara    TriCor
Lipoten    Triglide Lofibra
Type of Drug
Anti-hyperlipidemic (blood-fat reducer).
Prescribed For
High blood cholesterol and/or triglycerides; also prescribed for syndrome X, a condition which increases the risk of type 2 diabetes.
General Information
Fenofibrate works by interfering with the body’s ability to make triglyceride and by increasing its breakdown by enzymes in the body. It also reduces levels of uric acid, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol—the “bad” cholesterol—and other blood lipids. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol—the “good” cholesterol—levels are increased. This drug should only be used in people with very high triglyceride levels who are at risk for pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas) and have not responded to other treatments, including statin drugs. Generic fenofibrate is not equivalent to the TriCor brand because of a new product formulation and should not be substituted for the brand unless your doctor approves of the switch.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take fenofibrate if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients.
People taking fenofibrate and other triglyceride-lowering drugs are mate WOV to die from causes unrelated to triglyceride levels. Fenofibrate reduces the risk of a heart attack or other cardiac event in people with high triglyceride levels and low levels of HDL cholesterol, especially among people with diabetes. The evidence for this benefit is not as strong as it is for the statin drugs.
People taking fenofibrate and gemfibrozil may develop pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas).
People with liver or severe kidney disease should avoid fenofibrate. People with less severe kidney disease require reduced
dosage.
People taking fenofibrate are more likely to develop gallstones.
Fenofibrate can destroy muscle cells, leading to kidney failure, especially when combined with a statin cholesterol-lowering drug see “Drug Interactions”).
Possible Side Effects
•    Most common: abnormal liver function, abdominal pain, and respiratory disorders.
♦    Common: rash, headache, upset stomach, pain, weakness, tiredness, and flu-like symptoms.
♦    Less common: joint pain, abnormal heart rhythms, reduced sex drive, dizziness, increased appetite, sleeplessness, tingling in the hands or feet, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, constipation, stomach noise or gas, frequent urination, vaginal irritation, runny nose, cough, sinus irritation, eye irritation, blurred vision, conjunctivitis (pinkeye). earache, and tiny particles inside the eye (”floaters”).
♦    Rare: allergic reactions including severe rash, itching, liver inflammation or enlargement, gallstones, gallbladder disease, muscle aches, and increased sensitivity to the sun. Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Drug Interactions
•    Combining fenofibrate and a statin cholesterol-lowering drug (atorvastatin, cerivastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pravastatin, or simvastatin) can lead to severe muscle pain, muscle cell destruction, and kidney failure. If you have extremely high blood-fat levels, the potential benefits of this combination may outweigh the risks. In people taking this combination, the health of muscles and kidneys must be monitored regularly via blood tests.
•    Fenofibrate increases the effects of anticoagulant (blood-thinning) drugs. Your anticoagulant dosage may need an adjustment.
•    Combining fenofibrate and cyclosporine can increase the risk of kidney toxicity. This combination should only be used if it is absolutely necessary and the lowest possible dosage is
taken.
• If you are taking cholestyramine or colestipol (both are used
to reduce blood-fat levels) as well as fenofibrate, take the
fenofibrate at least 1 hour before or 4-6 hours after these
drugs.
Food Interactions
All forms of fenofibrate, except TriCor, should be taken with food to get the best effect. TriCor may be taken without regard to food or meals.
Usual Dose
These products may not be substituted for each other because of important dosage differences.
Antara
Adult: 43-130 mg a day with food.
Senior: Begin with 43 mg a day. This dosage also applies to people with kidney disease.
Child: not recommended.
Lofibra
Adult: 67-200 mg a day with food.
Senior: Begin with 67 mg a day. This beginning dosage also applies to people with kidney disease.
Child: not recommended.
Lipofen
Adult: 50-150 mg a day with food.
Senior: Begin with 50 mg a day. This dosage also applies to people with kidney disease.
Child: not recommended.
TriCor
Adult: 48-145 mg a day.
Senior: Begin with 48 mg a day. This dosage also applies to
people with kidney disease. Child; mk recommended.
Triglide
Adult: 50-160 mg a day.
Senior: Begin with 50 mg a day. This dosage also applies to
people with kidney disease. Child: not recommended.
Overdosage
Little is known about the effects of fenofibrate overdose. Victims should be taken to a hospital emergency room. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
People should take fenofibrate only after a triglyceride- lowering diet and other medications have failed. While taking fenofibrate, follow the diet recommended by your doctor.
If you forget a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the forgotten dose and continue with your regular schedule.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: Fenofibrate causes fetal injury and death in animal studies. When this drug is considered crucial by your doctor, its potential benefits must be carefully weighed against its risks.
This drug should not be taken by nursing mothers because of its potential to affect the nursing infant.
Seniors: Seniors are more likely to experience side effects and should never start with more than the lowest recommended dosage.

Generic Name
Finasteride (fin-ASS-ter-ide) 19
Brand Names
Proscar    Propecia
The information in this profile also applies to the following drug:
Generic Ingredient: Dutasteride Avodart
Type of Drug
Alpha-reductase inhibitor and androgen hormone inhibitor.
Prescribed for
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and male-pattern baldness. May also play a role in preventing prostrate cancer.
General Information
Finasteride works by interfering with the action of the enzyme alphareductase, which converts testosterone into 5-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). By suppressing DHT levels, finasteride reduces the size of the prostate in most men who take the drug for BPH. You may need to take finasteride for 6-12 months before its effects can be
assessed.
Urine flow improves in about 60% of men taking finasteride for BPH and symptoms improve in about 30%. In one study, men experienced a significant regression in prostate size after 3 months, and the reduction was maintained through the 12-month study period: these men experienced a significant improvement in urine flow that could be maintained up to 36 months.
Studies of finasteride for hair loss on the top and back-middle of the scalp show new hair growth in 65-80% of men taking the drug continuously for 2 years. The drug must be taken for 3 months or more before it begins to have an effect and must be taken continuously to maintain hair growth. Once you stop taking this drug, any new hair you have grown is likely to fall out in the next 12 months. Between 14-17% of men taking the drug continued to lose hair throughout the study period.
Finasteride has been studied as therapy following radical prostatectomy surgery and in the prevention of first-stage prostate cancer, acne in women, and unusual hairiness.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take finasteride if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients.
This drug should not be used in women or children. Pregnant women must not handle the tablets and capsules because of the risk to the fetus.
People who do not respond to finasteride may have a condition that causes BPH-like symptoms, such as prostate cancer, bladder or nerve disorders, or physical obstruction of the urinary tubes. Finasteride cannot be used to treat these conditions.
Because it is broken down in the liver, finasteride must be used with caution by people with liver disease.
Finasteride may mask symptoms of prostate cancer by causing a reduction in the level of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), an increasingly acknowledged indicator of prostate cancer.
Possible Side Effects
Side effects are generally mild and often subside with continued use of the drug.
Drug Interactions
•    Finasteride may reduce the effectiveness of theophylline and aminophylline, although dosage adjustments usually are not required.
•    Finasteride affects the PSA blood test used for prostate cancer screening. Be sure your doctor knows you are taking this drug if you have a PSA test done or are being tested for prostate cancer.
•    Dustasteride blood levels may increase when mixed with ritonavir, ketoconazole, cimetidine, and ciprofloxacin, all of which are inhibitors of a liver enzyme called CYP3A4. Blood levels of dutasteride also increase with verapamil and diltiazem.
Food Interactions
You may take finasteride with food if it upsets your stomach.
Usual Dose
Outasteride
Adult: 0.5 mg (1 capsule) once a day. Child: not recommended.
Finasteride
Adult: BPH-5 mg once a day. Male-pattern baldness-1 mg once a day.
Child: not recommended.
Women should not take finasteride. Overdosage
S%’& Ptecls are unlikely. Doses of dutasteride as high as 400 mg a day have been taken with no adverse side effects. Call your local poison control center or a hospital emergency room for more information. If you seek treatment, ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Possible Side Effects (continued)
v Common: impotence, loss of sex semen, breast tenderness an
•    and drug sensitivity reaction
•    rash.
x drive, decreased amount nd enlargement, testicular ions including lip swelling Special Information
Women who are or might be pregnant should not handle crushed finasteride tablets because small amounts of the drug may be absorbed into the blood, possibly affecting the fetus.
If your sexual partner is or might be pregnant and you start taking finasteride, you must wear a condom during sex to avoid directly exposing her to finasteride in the semen.
Semen volume may decrease while on finasteride. Impotence or reduced sex drive is also a risk.
If you forget a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the one you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose. Call your doctor if you miss a dose for 2 or more days.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: This drug is not intended for women. Finasteride will harm the fetus if taken during pregnancy. It is not known if finasteride passes into breast milk.
Seniors: Seniors with liver disease should use this drug with caution.

Brand Name
Fioricet
Generic Ingredients
Acetaminophen + Butalbital + Caffeine 91
Other Brand Names
Americet    Femcet
Dolgic LQ    Margesic
Dolgic Plus    Medigesic
Esgic    Repan
Esgic-Plus    Triad
Type 101 Drug
Barbiturate and analgesic (pain reliever) combination.
Prescribed For
Symptom relief of tension headache.
General Information
Fioricet is one of many combination products containing a barbiturate—butalbital—and an analgesic—acetaminophen. Products of this kind also often contain a sedative or a narcotic. Other analgesic combinations, such as Rorinal, substitute aspirin for
acetaminophen.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take Fioricet if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients.
Use this drug with caution if you have kidney or liver disease or a history of porphyria.
Chronic (long-term) use of Fioricet may lead to drug dependence or addiction. It is not recommended for multiple or recurrent headaches.
Butalbital is a respiratory depressant and affects the central nervous system (CNS), producing drowsiness, tiredness, and an inability to concentrate. Alcohol increases the CNS depression caused by this drug.
The safety and effectiveness of these medications have not been established in children under age 12.
For additional information see “Cautions and Warnings” in Acetaminophen (page 7).
Possible Side Effects
♦ Most common: lightheadedness, dizziness, sedation, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, upset stomach and a feeling of intoxication.
V Less common: weakness, headache, agitation, tremor, uncoordinated muscle movement, disorientation, dry mouth, constipation, facial flushing, changes in heart rate, palpitations, feeling faint, urinary difficulties, rash, and itching.
For additional information see “Possible Side Effects” in Acet-
aminophen (page 7).
Drug Interactions
• Combining Fioricet with alcohol, sedatives, barbiturates, sleeping pills, antihistamines, monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants, or other CNS depressants may cause tiredness, drowsiness, and trouble concentrating.
These medications may reduce the effectiveness of corticosteroids, contraceptives containing estrogen, beta blockers (e.g. propranolol), doxycycline, felodipine, griseofulvin, nifedipine, phenylbutazone, quinine, theophylline, warfarin, and tricyclic antidepressants.
For additional information see “Drug Interactions” in Acetaminophen (page 7).
Food Interactions
Fioricet is best taken on an empty stomach but may be taken with food if it upsets your stomach.
Usual Dose
1-2 tablets or capsules every 4 hours or as needed; do not exceed 6 doses a day.
Overdosage
Symptoms include breathing difficulties, nervousness progressing to stupor or coma, pinpointed pupils, cold and clammy skin and lowered heart rate or blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, ringing in the ears, facial flushing, sweating, and thirst. Take the victim to a hospital emergency room immediately. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
Fioricet may cause drowsiness. Be careful when driving or performing any task that requires concentration.
You should avoid alcohol while taking this medication.
Do not take Fioricet for longer or in amounts greater than prescribed.
If you have been taking this medication for more than a few weeks, do not stop taking it without your doctor’s instruction. Suddenly stopping Fioricet may lead to withdrawal symptoms.
Call your doctor if your headache or pain persists or gets worse, or if you develop side effects that are bothersome or persistent.
If you forget a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the one    and continue
W<tkh IV61    schedule. Do not take a double dose.
For additional information see “Special Information” in Acetaminophen (page 7).
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: Fioricet should not be taken during pregnancy. It is associated with birth defects, prolonged labor and delayed delivery, and breathing problems in newborns. Regular use of Fioricet during the last 3 months of pregnancy may also cause drug dependency in the newborn.
Fioricet passes into breast milk. Breast-feeding while using Fioricet may cause babies to become tired, short of breath, or have a slow heartbeat. Nursing mothers who must take this drug should use infant formula.
Seniors: Fioricet may have a greater depressant effect on seniors. Seniors are also more likely to experience stimulation and disorientation.

Brand Name
Fiorinal
Generic Ingredients
Aspirin + Butalbital + Caffeine &9
Other Brand Names
Butalgen    Fiorimor
Farbital    Fortabs
Fiorigen    Lanorinal
Type of Drug
Barbiturate and analgesic (pain reliever) combination. Prescribed For
Symptom relief of tension headache.
General Information
Pain relief products often combine an analgesic with a sedative. The analgesic ingredient in Fiorinal is aspirin; other brand-name products, such as Esgic and Fioricet, contain acetaminophen. The sedative ingredient in pain-relief combinations may be a barbiturate, narcotic, or other sedative. Fiorinal contains the barbiturate butalbital. Fiorinal also contains caffeine, which is ofte” \Ased in analgesic combinations that km,-M beadache because it enhances kkNt %m-relieving effect of aspirin.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take Fiorinal if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients.
Do not give Fiorinal to children or teenagers with chickenpox or flu-like symptoms due to the aspirin content and danger of
Reye’s syndrome.
Use Fiorinal with extreme caution if you suffer from peptic ulcer,
problems with blood clotting or other bleeding disorders, or are
about to have surgery.
This drug should be used with caution if you have kidney or
liver disease, diabetes, or a history of porphyria.
Long-term use of this drug may cause drug dependence and addiction. It is not recommended for the treatment of multiple recurrent headaches.
Butalbital is a respiratory depressant and affects the central nervous system (CNS), producing drowsiness, tiredness, and an
inability to concentrate. Alcohol increases the CNS depression caused by butalbital.
The safety and efficacy of Fiorinal use in children under age 12 has not been established.
For additional information see “Cautions and Warnings” in Aspirin (page 110).
Possible Side Effects
✓    Most common: lightheadedness, dizziness, and sedation.
♦    Less common: nausea, vomiting, flatulence, and rash. For additional information see “Possible Side Effects” in Aspirin (page 110).
Drug Interactions
•    Combining Fiorinal with alcohol, sedatives, barbiturates, sleeping pills, antihistamines, monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressants, or other CNS depressants may cause tiredness, drowsiness, and trouble concentrating.
•    Fiorinal may enhance the effects of oral anticoagulants (blood thinners), oral antidiabetes drugs, insulin, and mmsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs ~VASAYDs).
•    F10final may decrease the effectiveness of medications taken for gout, including probenicid and sulfinpyrazone.
For additional information see “Drug Interactions” in Aspirin (page 110).
Food Interactions
Fiorinal is best taken on an empty stomach but may be taken with
food if it upsets your stomach.
usual Dose
1-2 tablets or capsules every 4 hours or as needed. Do not exceed
6 doses a day. Overdosage
Symptoms include breathing difficulties, nervousness progressing to stupor or coma, pinpointed pupils, cold and clammy skin, lowered heart rate or blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, dizziness, ringing in the ears, flushing, sweating, and thirst. Symptoms of mild overdose are rapid and deep breathing, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, ringing or buzzing in the ears, flushing, sweating, thirst, headache, drowsiness, diarrhea, and rapid heartbeat. Severe overdose may cause fever, excitement, confusion, convulsions, liver or kidney failure, coma, and bleeding. Take the victim to a hospital emergency room immediately. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
Fiorinal may cause drowsiness. Be careful when driving or performing any task that requires concentration.
Avoid alcohol while taking Fiorinal.
If you have been taking this medication for more than a few weeks, do not stop taking it without your doctor’s instruction. Suddenly stopping this drug may lead to withdrawal symptoms.
Do not take Fiorinal for longer or in amounts greater than prescribed.
Call your doctor if your headache pain persists or gets worse, or if you develop any bothersome or persistent side effect.
If you forget a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the dose you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose.
For additional information see “Special Information” in Aspirin (page 110).
Special Populations
PregriancylBreast-feeding. Fiorinal should not be taken during pregnancy. Pregnant women taking it may experience prolonged labor, delayed delivery, and bleeding problems. Fiorinal increases the risk of birth defects and may cause breathing or bleeding prob-lems in newborns. Regular use of Fiorinal during the last 3 months of pregnancy may also cause drug dependency in the newborn.
Fiorinal passes into breast milk. Breast-feeding while using Fiorinal may cause tiredness, shortness of breath, or slowed heartbeat in the baby. Nursing mothers who must take Fiorinal should use infant formula.
Seniors: Fiorinal may have a greater depressant effect on seniors. Seniors are also more likely to experience stimulation and disorientation.

Brand Name
Fiorinal with Codeine
Generic Ingredients
Aspirin + Butalbital + Caffeine + Codeine Phosphate 19
Type of Drug
Barbiturate, narcotic, and analgesic (pain reliever) combination.
Prescribed For
Symptom relief of tension headache.
General Information
Fiorinal with Codeine is one of many combination products containing a barbiturate, an analgesic, and a narcotic. In Fiorinal with Codeine, butalbital is the barbiturate, aspirin is the analgesic, and codeine is the narcotic. These products often also contain a sedative, and acetaminophen may be substituted for aspirin.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take Fiorinal with Codeine if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients. Even recommended doses of aspirin can cause severe allergic reaction in those with an aspirin allergy.
Do not take this medication if you suffer from peptic ulcer, bleeding disorders, or a history of porphyria.
Use this medication with cautiOi) 11 you have kidney or liver
disease of diabetes.
Fiorinal with Codeine may cause postural low blood pressure (symptoms include dizziness or fainting when rising from a sitting or lying position).
Long-term use of this drug may cause drug dependence or addiction.
It is not recommended for treatment of multiple, recurrent head-
aches.
Fiorinal with Codeine is a respiratory depressant and affects the
central nervous system (CNS), producing sleepiness, tiredness, or inability to concentrate. Alcohol increases the depression caused
by codeine and butalbital.
Do not give Fiorinal with Codeine to children or teenagers with
chickenpox or flu-like symptoms. The aspirin content presents the
danger of Reye’s syndrome.
For additional information see “Cautions and Warnings” in As-
pirin (page 110).
Possible Side Effects
✓    Most common: dizziness, sleepiness, nausea, and vomiting.
♦    Less common: dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, heartburn, rapid heart rate, leg pain and muscle fatigue, urinary problems, rash, fever, earache, stuffy nose, and ringing in the ears. Narcotic analgesics may aggravate convulsions in those who have had them.
For additional information see “Possible Side Effects” in Aspirin (page 110).
Drug Interactions
•    Interaction with alcohol, sedatives, barbiturates, sleeping pills, antihistamines, or other drugs that produce sedation may cause tiredness, drowsiness, and trouble concentrating.
•    Taking Fiorinal with Codeine with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor antidepressant may cause increased central nervous system effects.
•    This medication may reduce the effectiveness of medications for the treatment of gout including probenicid and sulfapyrazone.
•    Fiorinal with Codeine may enhance the effects of blood thin- ners, oral antidiabetes drugs, insulin, and anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
For additional information see “Drug Interactions” in Aspirin (page 110).
Food Interactions
Fiorinal with Codeine is best taken on an empty stomach but may be taken with food if it upsets your stomach.
Usual Dose
1-2 tablets or capsules every 4 hours or as needed; do not ex-
ceed 6 doses a day.
Overdosage
Usual overdose symptoms include breathing difficulties, nervousness progressing to stupor or coma, pinpointed pupils, cold clammy skin and lowered heart rate or blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, ringing in the ears, flushing, sweating, and thirst. Symptoms of mild overdose include rapid and deep breathing, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, ringing or buzzing in the ears, flushing, sweating, thirst, headache, drowsiness, diarrhea, and rapid heartbeat. Severe overdose may cause fever, excitement, confusion, convulsions, liver or kidney failure, coma, or bleeding. Take the victim to a hospital emergency room immediately. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
This drug may cause drowsiness. Be careful when driving or performing any task that requires concentration.
Avoid alcohol while taking this drug.
If you have been taking this medication for more than a few weeks, do not stop taking it without your doctor’s instruction. Suddenly stopping this drug may lead to withdrawal symptoms.
Do not take this drug for longer or in amounts greater than prescribed.
Call your doctor if you experience breathing difficulties, or persistent nausea, vomiting, or constipation.
If you forget a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the one you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose.
For additional information see “Special Information” in Aspirin (page 110).
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-teeding-. Fiorinal with Codeine should not be used during pregnancy. Pregnant women taking it may experience prolonged labor, delayed delivery, and bleeding problems. This drug increases the risk of birth defects and may cause breathing or bleeding problems in newborns. Regular use of Fiorinal with Codeine during the last 3 months of pregnancy may also cause drug dependency in the newborn.
Fiorinal with Codeine passes into breast milk. Breast-feeding while using this drug may cause tiredness, shortness of breath, or a slow heartbeat in the baby. Nursing mothers who must take this drug should use infant formula.
Seniors: This drug may have a greater depressant effect on seniors. Other effects that may be more prominent are stimulation, disorientation, lightheadedness, and dizziness or fainting when rising suddenly from a sitting or lying position.

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Clarithromycin

August 1, 2009 | Leave a Comment

Generic Name
Clarithromycin (klah-rith-roe-MYE-sin) 91
Brand Names Biaxin
Type of Drug  Macrolide antibiotic.
Biaxin XL
Prescribed For
Mild to moderate infections of the upper and lower respiratory tract, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, middle-ear infections, and for duodenal ulcers; also used for skin and other infections, including membrane attack complex (MAC) in people with advanced HIV infection.
General Information
Clarithromycin and other macybYide antibiotics are either bacteri(;((JW (’UaCkeeia-killing) or bacteriostatic (inhibiting bacterial growth), depending on the organism in question and amount of antibiotic present. In ulcer disease, clarithromycin is used to fight Helicobacter pylori infection, which is present in almost all ulcers and most cases of stomach inflammation.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take clarithromycin if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients or to any macrolide antibiotic.
Clarithromycin should not be used during pregnancy.
Clarithromycin is primarily eliminated from the body through the liver and kidneys. People with severe kidney disease may require dose adjustments. Liver disease generally does not require an adjustment.
Colitis (bowel inflammation) has been associated with all antibiotics (see “Possible Side Effects”). If colitis does develop, your doctor should start appropriate treatment. Mild cases of colitis usually respond to the discontinuation of the medicine.
Possible Side Effects
Most side effects are mild and go away once you stop taking clarithromycin.
✓    Most common: nausea, upset stomach, changes in sense of taste, headache, he. diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, and rash in children. Colitis (symptoms include severe abdominal cramps and severe, persistent, and possibly bloody diarrhea) may develop.
✓    Rare: serious abnormal heart rhythms. Contact your doc-
tor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Drug Interactions
•    Clarithromycin may increase the anticoagulant (blood-thinning) effects of warfarin in people who take it regularly, especially older adults. This combination requires careful monitoring by your doctor.
•    Do not combine clarithromycin with astemizole or terfenadine.
•    Combining clarithromycin and omeprazole raises the amount of both drugs in the blood.
•    Two deaths have been reported in people combining Oarithromycin and pimozidp_ ?imuiide should not be used by peibp)e faking a macrolide antibiotic.
•    Clarithromycin may raise blood levels of theophylline, possibly leading to a theophylline overdose. It can also increase the effects of caffeine.
•    Combining clarithromycin and digoxin, cyclosporine, ergot
alkaloids, or tacrolimus may lead to serious side effects.

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Ciclopirox

August 1, 2009 | Leave a Comment

Generic Name
Ciclopirox (sye-kloe-PERE-ox) &
Brand Names
Loprox    Penlac
Type of Drug Antifungal,
Prescribed For
Fungus and yeast infections of the nails and skin, including athlete’s foot, candida, and dandruff.
General Information
Ciclopirox slows the growth of a variety of fungus organisms and yeasts and kills many others. The drug penetrates the skin, hair, hair follicles, and sweat glands. Ciclopirox nail lacquer is used for toenail and fingernail fungus infections. Ciclopirox shampoo is used for dandruff.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not use this product if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients.
Possible Side Effects
Common: burning, itching, stinging, or oozing at the application site.
Drug Interactions None known.
Usual Dose
Cream/Lotion
Adult and Child (age 10 and over): Massage into cleansed affected skin and surrounding area twice a day.
Nail Lacquer
Adult: Apply to infected nails once a day. Use in conjunction with monthly visits to a health care professional.
Child (under age 10): not recommended.
Shampoo
Adult: Wet hair and apply 1-2 tsp to the scalp. Lather and leave on hair and scalp for 3 minutes, then rinse. Avoid contact with eyes. Repeat twice weekly for 4 weeks.
Child (under age 16): not recommended.
Overdosage
Accidental ingestion may cause nausea and upset stomach. Call your local poison control center or hospital for more information. If you seek treatment, ALWAYS bring the prescription container.
Special Information
This product can be expected to relieve symptoms within the first week of use. Follow your doctor’s directions for the complete 2-4 week course of treatment with the cream or lotion to gain maximum benefit. The nail lacquer may be used for up to 48 weeks. Stopping the medication too soon can lead to a relapse.
When using ciclopirox nail lacquer, do not apply it to any skin other than that which surrounds the infected nails, because of possible irritation. Do not apply nail polish or any other nail lacquer to infected nails while you are using this product.
Avoid using ciclopirox nail lacquer near an open flame, since the product is flammable.
Do not cover cream or lotion with a bandage.
Call your doctor if the affected area burns, stings, or becomes red after you use this product, 13y i1 your symptoms do not clear Up aher 4 weeks of treatment; by then it is unlikely that this product will be effective.
If you forget a dose of ciclopirox, apply it as soon as you remember. Do not apply more than the amount prescribed to make up for the missed dose.
Special Populations
PregnancylBreast-feeding., ciclopirox may pass to the fetus in very small amounts. In animal studies, high doses of ciclopirox given by mouth did not harm the fetus. Caution should be exercised when using ciclopirox during pregnancy.
It is unknown if ciclopirox passes into breast milk. Nursing mothers who must use this drug should consider using infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors may use this drug without special restriction.

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Type of Drug
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
(KO-lin-ESS-tuh -rase)
Brand Names
Generic Ingredient.- Donepezil
Aricept    Aricept ODT
Generic Ingredient: Galantamine
Razadyne    Razadyne ER
Generic Ingredient: Rivastigmine
Exelon    Exelon Transdermal System
Generic Ingredient: Tacrine Cognex
Prescribed For
Alzheimer’s disease. Also used for vascular dementia, dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease, poststroke aphasia (problems with language), and improvement of memory in multiple sclerosis patients.
General Information
Cholinesterase inhibitors work by increasing the function of certain receptors in the brain that are stimulated by the hosmone acetylcholine. They do t.Ns by interfering with cholinesterase, the 1617yme that breaks down acetylcholine. People with Alzheimer’s disease (a degenerative condition of the central nervous system) develop a shortage of this brain chemical early in the disease. There is no evidence that cholinesterase inhibitors reverse the degenerative effects of Alzheimer’s, but they may slow the rate at which the disease worsens.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take cholinesterase inhibitors if you are allergic or sensitive to any of their ingredients.
Cholinesterase inhibitors must be discontinued before surgery because they increase the effects of anesthetic drugs.
People with heart disease should use cholinesterase inhibitors with caution because they may slow heart rate and cause fainting. Two studies of people with mild symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease taking galantamine revealed a higher rate of death from heart attack, stroke, or sudden death.
Cholinesterase inhibitors may be expected to cause increased stomach acid production and increased activity of the gastrointestinal tract. Possible complications include ulcers or bleeding. Alcohol and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin or ibuprofen may worsen this effect.
Using cholinesterase inhibitors may also lead to urinary blockage, increase the risk of generalized seizures, and worsen asthma or other pulmonary diseases. Use with caution if you have these conditions.
People with severe liver dysfunction should not take galantamine or tacrine.
Possible Side Effects
People taking cholinesterase inhibitors generally experience side effects at about the same rate as those taking a placebo (sugar pill).
♦    Most common: headache, general pain, accidents, nausea, diarrhea, sleeplessness, and dizziness.
✓    Common: tiredness, vomiting, appetite loss, and muscle cramps.
♦    Less common: arthritis, depression, abnormal dreams, fainting, black-and-blue marks, and weight loss.
✓    Rare: Rare side effects can occur in almost any part of the body. Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Drug Interactions
•    Cholinesterase inhibitors interfere with anticholinergic drugs (often prescribed for stomach disorders).
•    Cholinesterase inhibitors can be expected to increase the ef-
fects of cevimeline, surgical anesthetic drugs, and drugs that
irritate the stomach and intestines, such as aspirin, ibupro-
fen, and other NSAIDs.
•    The breakdown of cholinesterase inhibitors (except rivastigmine) in the liver can be slowed by ketoconazole, itraconazole, quinidine, delavirdine, indinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, amiodarone, cimetidine, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, clarithromycin, diltiazem, erythromycin, fluconazole, fluvoxamine, celecoxib, chlorpheniramine, clomipramine, cocaine, doxorubicin, fluoxetine, halofantrine, halopendol, levopromazine, methadone, mibefradil, paroxetine, ranitidine, terbinafine, mifepristone, nefazodone, and grapefruit juice.
•    The breakdown of cholinesterase inhibitors (except rivastigmine) in the liver can be increased by efavirenz, nevirapine, barbiturates, carbamazepine, corticosteroids, phenytoin, pioglitazone, and rifampin.
Food Interactions
Donepezil can be taken with or without food.
Galantamine and rivastigmine should be taken with morning and evening meals.
The rivastigmine transdermal system patch can be used without regard to meals.
Food reduces the absorption of tacrine into the blood. It is best taken on an empty stomach, but you can take it with food if it upsets your stomach.
Usual Dose
Donepezil
Adult: 5 or 10 mg once a day.
Galantamine
Adult: 8-32 mg a day.
Rivastigmine
Adult: 3-12 mg a day, divided into 2 doses.
RiVUtq1M&A0Y2nsdermaI patch
Adult: Apply one 4.6-mg patch every day to start. Dose may be increased to one 9.5-mg patch every day.
Tacrine
Adult: 40-160 mg a day, divided into 4 doses.
Overdosage
Cholinesterase inhibitor overdose can be very serious. Symptoms include severe nausea, vomiting, salivation, sweating, slow heart rate, low blood pressure, slow breathing rate, convulsions, muscle weakness, and collapse. Take the overdose victim to a hospital emergency room at once. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
Donepezil should be taken just before bedtime.
Follow the special package directions for rivastigmine solution.
Do not remove the rivastigmine patch from its packaging until just before you are ready to apply it. Apply the patch to clean, dry, and hairless skin on the upper or lower back, upper arm, or chest that is also free of any powder, oil, moisturizer, or lotion that could keep the patch from sticking to your skin properly; skin should also be free of cuts, rashes, and irritations. Avoid places where the patch can be rubbed off by tight clothing. When changing your patch, apply your new patch to a different spot of skin (for example, on the right side of your body one day, then on the left side the next day). Do not use the same spot more than once every 14 days. Wear only one patch at a time and change it every.24 hours. If the patch falls off, apply a new patch for the rest of the day, then replace the patch the next day at the same time as usual.
Tobacco or nicotine use increases the rate at which tacrine and rivastigmine are cleared from the body.
If you forget a dose and take your medication once a day, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the dose you forgot and continue with the regular schedule. If you take your medication 2 or more times a day, take your dose as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the dose you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: One animal study of a cholinesterase inhibitor indicated a small risk of birth defects. When your doctor considers this drug crucial, its potential benefits must be carefully weighed against its risks.
It is not known if cholinesterase inhibitors pass into breast milk. Nursing mothers who must take this drug should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors with moderate kidney function loss should not take galantamine. Dosage adjustments are not needed for donepezil, tacrine, or rivastigmine.

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Cholestyramine

August 1, 2009 | Leave a Comment

Generic Name
Cholestyramine (kol-es-TYE-rah-meen) 0
Brand Names
LoCHOLEST    Questran
LoCHOLEST Light    Questran Light Prevalite
The information in this profile also applies to the following drugs:
Generic Ingredient: Colesevelam Hydrochloride WelChol
Generic Ingredient: Colestipol Hydrochloride Colestid
Type of Drug
Anti -hyperli pidemic (blood-fat reducer).
Prescribed For
High blood-cholesterol levels; generalized itching associated with bile duct obstruction—cholestyramine only; colitis; digitalis or thyroid overdose; and pesticide poisoning.
General Information
Cholestyramine resin lowers blood-cholesterol levels by absorbing bile acids in the bowel. Since the body uses cholesterol to make the bile acids—needed to digest fat—fat digestion can only continue by making more bile acid from blood cholesterol. This results in lower blood-cholesterol levels 4-7 days after starting cholestyramine.
Cholestyramine w3Cks entirely Within the bowel and is never absorbed into the bloodstream. Though usually given 3-4 times a day, there appears to be no advantage to taking it more often than twice a day. The cholesterol-lowering effect of cholestyramine may be increased when it is taken with an HMG-CoA inhibitor or nicotinic acid. In some kinds of hyperlipidemia, colestipol may be more effective in lowering total blood cholesterol than clofibrate.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not use cholestyramine if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients or if your bile duct is blocked. The powder form should not be taken dry; doing so may result in the inhalation of powder into your lungs or a clogged esophagus.
If you are being treated for hypothyroidism, diabetes, kidney or blood vessel disorder, obstructive liver disease, or alcholism, consult your doctor before taking cholestyramine.
Cholestyramine may cause or worsen constipation and hemorrhoids. Most constipation is mild, but some people may need to stop the medication or take less of it.
Possible Side Effects
✓    Most common: constipation, which may be severe and in rare cases result in bowel impaction. Hemorrhoids may be worsened.
♦    Less common: abdominal pain and bloating, and bleeding disorders or black-and-blue marks due to interference with the absorption of vitamin K, a necessary factor in the blood clotting process. One person developed night-blindness because the medication interfered with vitamin A absorption into the blood. Other side effects include belching, gas, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, heartburn, and appetite loss. Your stool may have an unusual appearance because of a high fat level.
✓    Rare: Rare side effects can affect your mouth, stomach and intestines, muscles and joints, mental status, urinary tract, and breathing. Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Drug Interactions
O    Cholestyramine interferes with the absorption of virtually all oral drugs, including acetaminophen, amiodarone, aspirin, cephalexin, chenodiol, clindamycin, clofibrate, contraceptive drugs, corticosteroids, diclofenac, iopanoic acid, iron, digitalis drugs, furosemide, gemfibrozil, glipizide, hydrocortisone, imipramine (an antidepressant), methyldopa, mycophenolate, nicotinic acid, penicillin, phenobarbital, phenytoin, piroxicam, propranolol, tetracycline, thiazide diuretics, thyroid drugs, tolbutamide, trimethoprim, ursodiol, warfarin and other anticoagulant (blood-thinning) drugs, and vitamins A, D, E, and K. Take other medications at least 1 hour before or 4-6 hours after taking cholestyramine.
Food Interactions
Take this medication before meals. The powder may be mixed with soda, water, juice, cereal, or pulpy fruits, such as applesauce or crushed pineapple. Cholestyramine bars should be thoroughly chewed and taken with plenty of fluids. Colestipol pills are swallowed whole.
Usual Dose
Cholestyramine: 4 g (1 packet) or 1 level scoopful taken 1-2 times a day or up to 6 times a day.
Colesevelam: 6 tablets once a day or in 2 divided doses. Colestipol: 2-16 g (1-6 packets) once a day or in divided doses.
Overdosage
The most severe effect of overdose is obstruction of the gastrointestinal tract. Take the overdose victim to a hospital emergency room. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
Do not swallow the granules or powder in their dry form. Prepare each packet of powder by mixing it with soup, cereal, or pulpy fruit or by adding the powder to a 6-oz. glass of liquid, such as a carbonated beverage. If some of the drug sticks to the sides of the glass, rinse it with liquid and drink the remainder.
Constipation, gas, nausea, and heartburn may occur and then disappear with continued use of this medication. If constipation is a problem, your doctor may recommend drinking more fluids and taking a fiber supplement. Call your doctor if these side effects persist or if you develop unusual problems such as bleeding from the gums or rectum.
If you miss a dose of cholestyramine, skip it and continue with your regular scheduke. Do not take a double dose.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: While cholestyramine does not affect the fetus directly, it may prevent the absorption of vitamins A, D, and E and other nutrients essential to the fetus’ proper development–even when you take, a prenatal vitamin supplement.
When this drug is considered crucial by your doctor, its potential benefits must be carefully weighed against its risks.
Cholestyramine is not absorbed into the body. However, reduced absorption of vitamins A, D, and E and other nutrients may make your milk less nutritious. Nursing mothers who must take cholestyramine should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors are more likely to experience side effects, especially those relating to the bowel.

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Chlorpromazine

August 1, 2009 | Leave a Comment

Generic Name
Chlorpromazine (klor-PROE-muh-zene) Al
Brand Names
Sonazine    Thorazine*
The information in this profile also applies to the following drugs: Generic Ingredient: Fluphenazine Hydrochloride RE Generic Ingredient: Thioridazine Hydrochloride 0 Generic Ingredient: Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride
‘Some products in this brand-name group are alcohol- or sugar-free. Consult your pharmacist.
Type of Drug  Phenothiazine antipsychotic.
Prescribed For
Psychotic disorders; moderate to severe depression with anxiety; agitation or aggressiveness in disturbed children; intractable pain; and senility. May also be used to relieve nausea, vomiting, hiccups, restlessness, acute intermittant porphyria, and apprehension before surgery or other procedures.
General Information
Chlorpromazine and other phenothiazines act upon a portion of the brain called the hypothalamus. Phenothiazines affect parts of the hypothalamus that control metabolism, body temperature, alertness, muscle tone, hormone balance, and vomiting. Chlorpromazine is available in suppositories and as liquid for those who have trouble swallowing tablets.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take chlorpromazine if you are AeTgic or sensitive to any oVilsingredients or to any phenothiazine drug. Do not take it if you have very low blood pressure, Parkinson’s disease, or blood, liver, kidney, or heart disease.
Chlorpromazine may depress the cough reflex. People have accidentally choked to death because the cough reflex failed to protect them. Because of its effect in reducing vomiting, chlorpro-mazine may obscure symptoms of disease or toxicity due to over-
dose of another drug.
Use chlorpromazine under your doctor’s strict supervision if you have glaucoma, epilepsy, ulcers, or urinary difficulties.
Avoid exposure to extreme heat, because this drug may upset your body’s temperature-control mechanism. Do not allow the liquid forms of this drug to come in contact with your skin because they are highly irritating.
Chlorpromazine may cause unusually high or low levels of cholesterol.
Possible Side Effects
♦ Most common: drowsiness, especially during the first or second week of therapy. If drowsiness becomes troublesome, contact your doctor.
V Less common: changes in blood components, including anemias, raised or lowered blood pressure, abnormal heart rate, heart attack, sensitivity to light, and faintness or dizziness.
V Rare: Rare side effects can occur in almost any part of the body. Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Jaundice (symptoms include yellowing of the whites of the eyes or skin) may appear; when it does, it is usually within the first 2-4 weeks of treatment. Normally the jaundice goes away when the drug is discontinued, but there have been cases when it has not.
Phenothiazines may produce extrapyramidal side effects, including spasm of the neck muscles, rolling back of the eyes, convulsions, difficulty swallowing, and symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease. These side effects seem very serious but usually disappear after the drug has been withdrawn; however, symptoms affecting the face, tongue, or jaw may persist for as long as several years, especially in older adults with a history of brain damage.
Chlorpromazine may cause an unusual increase in psychotic symptoms or may cause paranoid reactions, tiredness, lethargy, restlessness, hyperactivity, confusion at night, bizarre dreams, sleeplessness, depression, decreased sex drive, increased appetite, or euphoria (feeling “high”).
Drug Interactions
•    Be cautious about taking chlorpromazine with over-the-
counter cough, cold, or allergy medications, barbiturates, al-
cohol, sleeping pills, narcotics or other sedatives, or any other
drug that may produce a depressive effect.
•    Aluminum antacids may reduce the effectiveness of phenothiazine drugs.
•    Chlorpromazine may reduce the effectiveness of bromocriptine and appetite suppressants.
•    Anticholinergic drugs may reduce the effectiveness of chlorpromazine and increase the chance of side effects.
•    Phenothiazine drugs may counter the blood-pressurelowering effect of guanethidine.
•    Taking lithium together with a phenothiazine drug may lead to disorientation, loss of consciousness, or uncontrolled muscle movements.
•    Combining propranolol and a phenothiazine drug may lead to unusually low blood pressure.
•    Combining tricyclic antidepressants with a phenothiazine drug can lead to antidepressant side effects.
•    Chlorpromazine may reduce the effectiveness of epinephrine and norepinephrine.
•    Cigarette smoking reduces the amount of chlorpromazine in your blood. Smokers may need larger doses.
Food Interactions
Take liquid chlorpromazine with fruit juice or other liquids. You may also take it with food if it upsets your stomach.
Usual Dose
Adult: 30-1000 mg or more a day, individualized according to your disease and response.
Child (age 6 months and over): 0.25 mg per lb. of body weight every 4-6 hours, up to 200 mg or more a day, depending on disease, age, and response.
Chitty (under 6 months): not recommended.
Overdosage
Overdose symptoms include depression, extreme weakness, tiredness, lowered blood pressure, agitation, restlessness, uncontrolled muscle spasms, convulsions, fever, dry mouth, abnormal heart rhythms, and coma. The victim should be taken to a hospital emergency room immediately. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or
container.
Special Information
Call your doctor at once if you develop sore throat, fever, rash, weakness, visual problems, tremors, muscle movements or twitching, yellowing of the skin or whites of the eyes, or darkening of the urine.
Do not stop taking chlorpromazine without your doctor’s knowledge. It may take several weeks before this drug takes effect.
This drug may cause drowsiness. Use caution when driving or operating hazardous equipment. Avoid alcoholic beverages.
Chlorpromazine may cause unusual sensitivity to the sun and may turn your urine reddish brown to pink.
If dizziness occurs, avoid rising quickly from a sitting or lying position and avoid climbing stairs. Use caution in hot weather, because this drug may make you more prone to heat stroke.
If you are using sustained-release capsules, do not chew them or break them—swallow them whole. Liquid forms of phenothiazines must be protected from light. Do not take them out of their opaque bottles.
If you take chlorpromazine more than once a day and forget to take a dose, take it right away if you remember within an hour. If you do not remember within an hour, skip the dose you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. If you take 1 dose a day and forget a dose, skip the dose you forgot and continue your regular schedule the next day. Never take a double dose.
Special  Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: Infants born to women taking this drug have experienced side effects—including jaundice and nervous system effects. Check with your doctor about taking chlorpromazine if you are or might be pregnant.
This drug may pass i”W breast milk. Nursing mothers who must take chlorpromazine should use infant formula .
Seniors: Seniors are more sensitive to the effects of this drug and usually achieve desired results with lower dosages. Some experts feel that seniors should receive ‘/,-1/4 the usual adult dose.

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Alprazolam

July 16, 2009 | Leave a Comment

Generic Name
Alprazolam (al-PRAY-zoe-lam) CGI
Brand Names
Niravam    Xanax    Xanax XR Type of Drug
Benzodiazepine sedative.
Prescribed For
Generalized anxiety disorder and anxiety associated with depression; panic disorder with or without agoraphobia.
General Information
Alprazolam is a member of a group :)f drugs known as benzodiazepines. Benzodiazepines directly affect the brain. They can relax you and make you more tranquil or sleepier, or they can slow nervous system transmissions in such a way as to act as an anticonvulsant. Many doctors prefer benzodiazepines to other drugs that can be used to similar effect because they tend to be safer, have fewer side effects, and are usually as effective, if not more so.

Cautions and Warnings
Do not take alprazolam if you know you are allergic or sensitive to it or to another benzodiazepine drug, including clonazepam.
Alprazolam can aggravate narrow-angle glaucoma, but you may take it if you have open-angle glaucoma and are receiving therapy for it.
Other conditions where alprazolam should be avoided are: severe lung disease, sleep apnea (intermittent cessation of breathing during sleep), liver disease, drunkenness, and kidney disease. In each of these conditions, the depressive effects of alprazolam may be enhanced or could be detrimental to your overall condition.
Alprazolam should not be taken by psychotic patients because it is not effective for them and can trigger unusual excitement, stimulation, and rage.
Alprazolam is meant to be used for no more than 3-4 months in a row. Your condition should be reassessed before continuing your medicine beyond that time.
Alprazolam may be addictive. When used to treat panic disorder, alprazolam is frequently prescribed in doses exceeding 4 mg a day. Studies show that these higher doses may cause physical and emotional dependence, making it very difficult to stop taking the drug. Drug withdrawal may develop if you stop taking it after only 4 weeks of regular use but is more likely after longer use and at higher doses. It may start with anxiety and progress to tingling in the hands or feet, sensitivity to bright light, sleep disturbances, cramps, tremors, muscle tension or twitching, poor concentration, flu-like symptoms, fatigue, appetite loss, sweating, and changes in mental state. Severe withdrawal symptoms may include seizures.
Your dosage should be reduced gradually (0.5 mg decrease every 3 days) to prevent drug withdrawal symptoms.
Possible Side Effects
V Most common: mild drowsiness during the first few days of therapy. Weakness and confusion may occur, especially in seniors and in those who are sickly. If these effects persist, contact your doctor.
V Less common: depression, lethargy, disorientation, headache, inactivity, slurred speech, stupor, dizziness, tremors, constipation, dry mouth, nausea, inabilityto control urination, Possible Side Effects (continued)
sexual difficulties, irregular menstrual cycle, changes in heart rhythm, low blood pressure, fluid retention, blurred or double vision, itching, rash, hiccups, nervousness, inability to fall asleep, and occasional liver dysfunction. If you experience any of these symptoms, stop taking the medicine and contact your doctor immediately.
V Rare: withdrawal seizures. Rare side effects can occur in almost any part of the body. Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Drug Interactions
•    Alprazolam is a central-nervous-system depressant. Avoid alcohol, other sedatives, narcotics, barbiturates, monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAGI) antidepressants, antihistamines, and antidepressants. Taking alprazolam with these drugs may result in excessive depression, tiredness, sleepiness, breathing difficulties, or related symptoms.
•    Smoking may reduce the amount of alprazolam in your blood by 50%. Smokers may need larger doses.
•    The effects of alprazolam may be prolonged when taken together with cimetidine, contraceptive drugs, disulfiram, fluoxetine, isoniazid, itraconazole, ketoconazole, metoprolol, probenecid, propoxyphene, propranolol, and valproic acid.
•    The effects of some benzodiazepines may be decreased by rifampin.
•    Theophyllines may reduce alprazolam’s sedative effects.
•    If you take antacids, separate them from your alprazolam dose by at least 1 hour to prevent them from interfering with the absorption of alprazolam into the bloodstream.
•    Alprazolam may raise digoxin blood levels and the chances of digoxin toxicity.
•    The effect of levodopa + carbidopa may be decreased if it is taken together with alprazolam.
•    Combining alprazolam with phenytoin may increase phenytoin blood concentrations and the chances of phenytoin toxicity.
Food Interactions
Alprazolam is best taken on an empty stomach but may be taken with food if it upsets your stomach.

Usual Dose
Anxiety Disorder
Adult: 0.25-0.5 mg 3 times a day. Dosage must be tailored to your individual needs with a maximum dose of 4 mg a day. Child (under age 18): not recommended.
Panic Disorder
Adult: 1 -10 mg a day.
Child (under age 18): not recommended.
Overdosage
Symptoms of overdose are confusion, sleepiness, poor coordination, lack of response to pain such as a pinprick, loss of reflexes, shallow breathing, low blood pressure, and coma. The victim should be taken to a hospital emergency room. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
Alprazolam can cause tiredness, drowsiness, inability to concentrate, or related symptoms. Be careful if you are driving, operating machinery, or performing other activities that require concentration.
Anyone taking alprazolam for more than 3 or 4 months at a time may have a drug withdrawal reaction if the medicine is stopped suddenly (see “Cautions and Warnings”). Do not stop taking alprazolam, or increase or decrease the dosage, without first consulting your doctor.
If you forget a dose of alprazolam, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the dose you forgot and return to your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose. If you take Xanax XR, take your full daily dose once a day in the morning. Do not chew or crush Xanax XR tablets.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: Alprazolam may cause birth defects if taken during the first 3 months of pregnancy. You should avoid alprazolam while pregnant.
Alprazolam may pass into breast milk. Nursing mothers who must take alprazolam should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors, especially those with liver or kidney disease, are more sensitive to the effects of alprazolam and generally require smaller doses to achieve the same effect.

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Type of Drug
Alpha Blockers
Brand Names
Generic Ingredient. Alfuzosin Uroxatral
Generic Ingredient: Terazosin Hydrochloride Hytrin
Prescribed For
High blood pressure (terazosin) and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (alfuzosin and terazosin).
General Information
Alpha blockers block nerve endings known as alpha, receptors. They reduce blood pressure by dilating (widening) and reducing pressure within the blood vessels. The maximum blood-pressurelowering effect of terazosin is seen between 2 and 6 hours after taking a single dose. Terazosin’s effect lasts for 24 hours.
In BPH, alpha blockers work by relaxing smooth muscles in the prostate and neck of the bladder. This effect is produced by blockage of alpha, receptors in the affected muscles. Despite the fact that terazosin alleviates the urinary symptoms of BPH, the drug’s long-term effect on complications of BPH or the need for urinary surgery is not known. Alpha blockers are broken down in the liver.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take alpha blockers if you are allergic or sensitive to any of their ingredients.
Alpha blockers may cause dizziness and fainting, especially after the first few doses. This is known as the “first-dose effect” and may be minimized by limiting the first dose to 1 mg at bedtime. The first-dose effect occurs in about 1 % of people and may recur if the drug is stopped for a few days and then restarted.
Do not take alfuzosin if you have moderate to severe liver disease since this can drastically increase blood concentrations of the drug.
Alpha blockers should be taken with caution if you have kidney disease, since blood concentrations may be increased by 50%.
Do not take these medicines if you are already taking an alphablocker for either high blood pressure or prostate problems.
Terazosin may slightly reduce cholesterol levels and improve the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) ratio, a positive step for people with blood-cholesterol problems.
Terazosin may reduce the counts of red and white blood cells.
People taking terazosin may experience a weight gain of about 2 lbs.
Possible Side Effects
Alfuzosin
✓    Most common: dizziness, fatigue, upper respiratory infection, and headache.
✓    Less common: pain, abdominal pain, upset stomach, constipation, nausea, impotence, bronchitis, sinusitis, sore throat, low blood pressure, dizziness, and fainting.
✓    Rare: rash, rapid heartbeat, chest pain, and painful and persistent erection. Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Terazosin
✓    Most common: dizziness, weakness, and headache.
✓    Rare: depression, reduced sex drive or abnormal sexual function (including painful and persistent erection), fluid retention, and weight gain. Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.

Drug Interactions
•    When taken with other blood-pressure-lowering drugs, terazosin severely reduces blood pressure.
•    Verapamil may increase blood levels of terazosin.
•    Antifungal drugs such as itraconazole and ketoconazole and protease inhibitors interfere with the breakdown of alfuzosin in the liver, raising the amount of drug in the blood.
•    Alfuzosin moderately increases the amount of diltiazem in the blood.
•    Alpha blockers should not be taken with ritonavir.
Food Interactions
Alfuzosin should be taken with food.
Usual Dose
Alfuzosin: one 10-mg tablet taken after the same meal every day. Do not crush or chew the tablets.
Terazosin: starting dosage-1 mg at bedtime. Dosage may be increased in increments of 1-5 mg to a total of 20 mg a day. Dosages of 10 mg a day are generally needed to control the symptoms of BPH.
Overdosage
Symptoms may include drowsiness, poor reflexes, and very low blood pressure. Take the victim to a hospital emergency room. ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
Take alpha blockers exactly as they are prescribed and do not stop taking it unless directed to do so by your doctor. Avoid over-the-counter drugs that contain stimulants because they may increase your blood pressure.
Alpha blockers may cause dizziness, headache, and drowsiness, especially 2-6 hours after taking your first dose, though these effects may persist after the first few doses. Wait 12-24 hours after taking the first dose before driving, operating machinery, or performing any other task that requires intense concentration. You may take alpha blockers at bedtime to minimize this problem.
Some people undergoing eye surgery who take alpha blockers can experience an unusual effect called “floppy iris syndrome.” Make sure to tell your eye surgeon if you are taking or have ever been treated with an alpha blocker. There is no benefit to stopping alpha-blocker treatment before cataract surgery.

Prostate cancer and BPH may have similar symptoms. Talk to your doctor about ruling out prostate cancer before beginning treatment for BPH.
Call your doctor if you develop severe dizziness, heart palpitations, or any bothersome or persistent side effect.
If you forget a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the forgotten dose and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: Alfuzosin is not indicated for use in women. Large dosages of terazosin damage the fetus in animal studies. When alpha blockers are considered crucial by your doctor, their potential benefits must be carefully weighed against their risks.
It is not known if terazosin passes into breast milk. Nursing mothers who must take this drug should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors may be more sensitive to the effects of terazosin.

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Type of Drug
Aldosterone Blockers (al-DOH-stir-own)
Brand Names
Generic Ingredient: Eplerenone Inspra
Generic Ingredient. Spironolactone Aldactone
Combination Product
Generic Ingredients: Hydrochlorothiazide + Spironolactone Aldactazide
Prescribed For
High blood pressure, cirrhosis, and congestive heart failure (CHF); also used for people with low blood potassium who require a diuretic.
General Information
Aldosterone blockers limit the access of aldosterone—a hormone that helps to regulate several different body functions—from its receptor. Too much aldosterone results in high sodium levels, which can lead to water retention and potassium loss; it can also affect the size, shape, and function of the heart. Aldosterone blockers are generally combined with other medicines in the management of disease. These drugs are useful in removing excess body fluids in conditions associated with high aldosterone levels.
One in every ten people with high blood pressure has excess aldosterone in their systems. In people with congestive heart failure (CHF), aldosterone levels can be 20 times higher than normal, which can worsen their condition, making the use of aldosterone blockers an important part of their treatment. Aldosterone block-ers also help the heart return to normal size, shape, and function in people with heart failure. Eplerenone is broken down in the liver, primarily by an enzyme system known as CYP3A4.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not take aldosterone blockers if you are allergic or sensitive to any of their ingredients.
Do not use aldosterone blockers if you have kidney failure or high blood potassium.
People with liver disease should be cautious about using a!- dosterone blockers.
People taking an aldosterone blocker should have their potassium levels checked periodically.
People with diabetes who have albumin in their urine should not take aldosterone blockers.
Possible Side Effects
Eplerenone
✓    Less common: dizziness, diarrhea, fatigue, flu-like symptoms, coughing, abdominal pain, elevation of blood cholesterol and/or triglyceride levels, elevation of blood potassium levels, and albumin in the urine.
✓    Rare: enlargement of the breasts in males, irregular menstrual cycles in women, and painful breasts. Contact your doctor if you experience any side effect not listed above.
Spironolactone
✓    Less common: drowsiness, lethargy, headache, gastrointestinal upset, cramps and diarrhea, rash, mental confusion, fever, feeling unwell, enlargement of the breasts in males, impotence, and irregular menstrual cycles or deepening of the voice in women.
Drug Interactions
•    Do not combine eplerenone with itraconazole or ketoconazole. These drugs can cause the amount of eplerenone in the blood to increase by up to 500% and may cause fatal increases in blood potassium.
•    Mixing eplerenone with erythromycin, fluconazole, saquinavir, or verapamil increases the amount of eplerenone in the blood. People taking this combination must watch for signs of high blood potassium (see “Special Information”) and have their blood potassium levels checked regularly.
•    Combining a potassium supplement and an aldosterone blocker can lead to dangerously high blood levels of potassium. Do not use a salt-substitute or take any extra potassium unless prescribed by your doctor.
•    Combining an aldosterone blocker with an ACE inhibitor or an angiotensin H receptor blocker (ARB) may significantly raise blood potassium. Be sure your doctor monitors your potassium levels if you combine these drugs.
•    Spironolactone may interfere with anticoagulant (blood-thinning) drugs and mitotane (an anticancer drug).
•    Aspirin can interfere with the diuretic effect of spironolactone but does not alter its effect on high blood pressure or CHF.
•    Combining spironolactone with alcohol, barbiturates, or narcotics can lead to dizziness or fainting when rising suddenly from a sitting or lying position.
•    Combining spironolactone and a corticosteroid can lead to very low blood potassium.
•    Spironolactone may alter your response to drugs used during general anesthesia.
•    Lithium generally should not be combined with any diuretic.
•    Combining nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) with aldosterone blockers can lead to severe elevations of blood potassium and reduce the blood-pressure-lowering effect of the diuretic.
•    Spironolactone may raise digoxin blood levels and increase the risk of severe digoxin side effects. Your doctor may have to adjust your digoxin dosage.
•    St. John’s wort (a CYP3A4 inducer) may decrease eplerenone levels by about 30%.
Food Interactions
Food appears to increase the amount of spironolactone absorbed into the blood. Take this drug with food at the same time every day. Eplerenone may be taken without regard to food or meals. Taking this drug with grapefruit juice increases the amount of drug absorbed into your body.
Usual Dose
Eplerenone
Adult 50-100 mg a day. Child: not recommended.

Spironolactone
Adult: Starting dosage is 50-100 mg a day in divided doses for high blood pressure; 25-200 mg a day in divided doses for high fluid levels related to other diseases; and 25-100 mg a day for low potassium levels related to diuretic use.
Child: 1-2 mg per lb. of body weight a day.
Spironolactone + Hydrochlorothiazide Adult: 1-4 tablets daily.
Overdosage
Eplerencne overdose may lead to low blood pressure and high blood potassium. Spironolactone overdose may lead to drowsiness. confusion, rash, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and diarrhea. Rarely. coma may occur in people with severe liver disease. High blood potassium may also occur, especially in people with kidney zsease. Call your local poison control center or a hospital emercency room for more information. If you seek treatment, ALWAYS oring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
<e a c!osterone blockers exactly as they are prescribed.
High blood levels of potassium associated with aldosterone blockers may cause weakness, lethargy, drowsiness, muscle pain or cramps, and muscular fatigue. Use caution while doing anything that requires intense concentration, like driving or operating machinery.
Do not use a salt substitute or take anything else that is a source of extra potassium, including many multivitamin or supplement products.
People with high blood pressure should not self-medicate with over-the-counter cough, cold, or allergy remedies containing stimulants. These drugs can raise blood pressure effectiveness and have an adverse effect on the heart.
!f you forget a dose, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the one you forgot and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take a double dose.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: Animal studies with eplerenone showed no effects on a developing fetus. Spironolactone crosses into the fetal circulation. When your doctor considers either of these drugs crucial, their potential benefits must be carefully weighed against their risks.

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Albuterol

July 16, 2009 | Leave a Comment

Generic Name
Albuterol (al-BUE-tuh-rawl) 91
Brand Names
AccuNeb    Proventil HFA
ProAir HFA    Ventolin HFA
Proventil*    Vospire ER
Combination Products
Generic Ingredients: Albuterol + 1pratropium Bromide Combivent    DuoNeb

The:nformation in this profile also applies to the following drugs:
Generic Ingredient: Levalbuterol Xopenex
Generic Ingredient., Pirbuterol Maxair
*Some products in this brand-name group are alcohol- or sugar-free. Consult your pharmacist.
Type of Drug  Bronchodilator.
Prescribed for
Bronchospasm associated with asthma or other obstructive pulmonary diseases, or induced by exercise.
General Information
Albuterol is similar to other bronchodilator drugs, such as metaproterenol and isoetharine, but it has a weaker effect on nerve receptors in the heart and blood vessels; therefore, it is somewhat safer for people with heart conditions. Levalbuterol is a special form of albuterol that carries a lower risk of side effects.
Cautions and Warnings
Do not use Albuterol if you are allergic or sensitive to any of its ingredients. Albuterol should be used with caution by people with a history of angina pectoris (a condition characterized by brief attacks of chest pain), heart disease, irregularities in heart beat, high blood pressure, stroke or seizure, diabetes, thyroid disease, prostate disease, or glaucoma. Excessive use of albuterol inhalants may worsen asthma or other respiratory conditions, and may increase breathing difficulties rather than relieve them. In the most extreme cases, people have had heart attacks after using excessive amounts of inhalant.
Possible Side Effects
V Most common: worsening of asthma, ear infection, upper respiratory infection, stuffy nose, dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, and muscle cramps.
♦ Less common: angina, abnormal heart rhythms, rapid heartbeat and heart palpitations, allergic reaction, fever, and tremors.

Drug Interactions
•    Albuterol’s effects on the cardiovascular system may be increased by monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MA01) and tricyclic antidepressants. These drugs should not be administered together or within 2 weeks of discontinuation of MAOls or tricyclic antidepressants.
•    Beta-blocking drugs such as propranolol not only block the effects of albuterol but may cause severe bronchospasm in people with asthma.
•    Albuterol may reduce the amount of digoxin in the blood of people taking both drugs. Digoxin dose adjustment may be required.
•    Albuterol may exacerbate certain effects of non-potassium sparing diuretics (loop or thiazide diuretics).
Food Interactions
Albuterol tablets are more effective when taken on an empty stomach-1 hour before or 2 hours after meals—but can be taken with food if they upset your stomach.
Usual Dose
Albuterol and Pirbuterol Inhalation
Adult and Child (age 4 and over): 1-2 puffs every 4-6 hours. Asthma triggered by exercise may be prevented by taking 2 puffs 15 minutes before exercising.
Albuterol Inhalation Solution
Child (age 2-12): starting dose-0.63 mg or 1.25 mg 3 or 4 times a day. Deliver over 5-15 minutes by nebulizer.
Levalbuterol Inhalation Solution
Adult and Child (age 12 and over): 0.63 mg 3 times a day every 6-8 hours. Some people may benefit from 1.25 mg at each dose. Deliver over 5-15 minutes by nebulizer.
Child (age 6-11): 0.31 mg 3 times a day every 6-8 hours, by nebulizer.
Albuterol Inhalation Aerosol
Adult and Child (age 4 and over): 2 inhalations every 4-6 hours. Adults and children age 4 and over may prevent asthma brought on by exercise by inhaling twice 15 minutes before exercising.
Albuterol Sustained-Release Tablets
Adult and Child (age 12 and over): 4-8 mg every 12 hours. Dosage may be cautiously increased to a maximum of 32 mg a day. People being switched from regular to sustained-release tablets generally take the same dosage per day, in fewer tablets—for example, a 4-mg tablet every 12 hours (1 dose) instead of a 2-mg tablet every 6 hours (2 doses).
Child (age 6-12): 4 mg every 12 hours.
Overdosage
Overdose of albuterol inhalation usually results in exaggerated side effects, including chest pain and high blood pressure. People who inhale too much albuterol should see a doctor. Overdose of albuterol tablets may lead to changes in heart rate, palpitations, unusual heart rhythm, chest pain, high blood pressure, fever, chills, cold sweats, nausea, vomiting, and dilation of the pupils. Convulsions, sleeplessness, anxiety, and tremors may also develop, and the victim may collapse. If the albuterol overdose was taken within the past 1/2 hour, give the victim syrup of ipecac to induce vomiting. Do not give ipecac if the victim is unconscious or convulsing. If symptoms have already begun to develop, the victim may need to be taken to a hospital emergency room. Call for instructions, and ALWAYS bring the prescription bottle or container.
Special Information
If you are inhaling albuterol, be sure to follow the inhalation instructions that come with the product. The drug should be inhaled during the second half of your inward breath, since this will allow it to reach deeper into your lungs. Wait about 1-2 minutes between inhalations. Do not inhale albuterol if you have food or anything else in your mouth.
Do not take more albuterol than your doctor prescribes. Taking more than you need can worsen your symptoms. If your condition worsens after taking your medicine, call your doctor at once and stop taking it.
Call your doctor immediately if you develop chest pain, palpitations, rapid heartbeat, muscle tremors, dizziness, headache, facial flushing, or urinary difficulty, or if you continue having breathing difficulties after taking the medicine.
Do not crush or chew the extended-release tablets.
If you forget a dose of albuterol, take it as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for your next dose, skip the one you forgot. Do not take a double dose.
Special Populations
Pregnancy/Breast-feeding: When used during childbirth, albuterol can slow or delay natural labor. It can cause rapid heartbeat and high blood sugar in the mother and rapid heartbeat and low blood sugar in the baby. Albuterol also causes birth defects in animal studies. When your doctor considers this drug crucial, its benefits must be cautiously weighed against its risks.
It is not known if albuterol passes into breast milk. Nursing mothers who must take it should use infant formula.
Seniors: Seniors with cardiovascular disease should use albuterol with caution.

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