Jun
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Clopidogrel 75 mg
June 1, 2011 | Leave a Comment
Clopidogrel (generic Plavix)
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Pharmacological Effects:
Clopidogrel - antiplatelet drugs. Effect of the drug is due to the ability of clopidogrel selectively inhibit the binding of adenosine receptors of platelets, thus inhibited the activation of a complex glycoprotein IIb / IIIa and decreases platelet aggregation. Clopidogrel increases the bleeding time. Antiplatelet action of clopidogrel is dose dependent, with use of the drug at the recommended therapeutic doses, the maximum therapeutic effect occurs within 3-7 days. Clopidogrel irreversibly blocks ADP receptors of platelets, so that they lose their ability to aggregate, the restoration of normal function was restored 7 days after drug withdrawal, as we update platelets.
After oral administration the drug is rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Bioavailability is about 50% and is independent of food intake. Clopidogrel - prodrug, is metabolized in the liver with the formation of the active substance - thiol metabolite of clopidogrel. The main metabolite is a carboxylic acid derivative, which determine the pharmacokinetic profile. Peak drug concentrations in plasma observed after 60 minutes after oral administration. Excreted in the urine and feces as metabolites. The half-life of about 8 hours.
Indications:
Clopidogrel is administered as a prophylactic agent in patients suffering from diseases of the cardiovascular system, in particular for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients with myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke and patients with peripheral artery disease.
Clopidogrel is also used in combination with acetylsalicylic acid for the treatment of acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation ST (in particular, patients with unstable angina or myocardial infarction without wave Q).
Clopidogrel is used in treatment of patients with acute myocardial infarction-segment elevation ST, when the patient shows thrombolytic therapy.
How to use:
Clopidogrel is taken orally. A tablet recommended to swallow whole, without chewing or crushing, drinking plenty of water. Clopidogrel does not depend on food intake. The duration of treatment and dose usually determines the physician for each patient individually.
Adult and elderly patients for the prevention of atherothrombotic events is usually prescribed for 75mg of the drug (1 tablet), 1 per day. Receiving the drug for prevention after myocardial infarction should be started a few days later, but no later than 35 days later, after suffering an ischemic stroke - after 1 week but no later than 6 months.
Patients with acute coronary syndrome without ST-segment elevation is usually prescribed 300mg once the drug (4 tablets) at the beginning of treatment, then transferred to taking 75mg of the drug 1 per day in combination with acetylsalicylic acid. Dose of acetylsalicylic acid determines the physician individually, usually it is 75-325mg per day, however, due to the increased risk of bleeding did not exceed the recommended daily dose of aspirin 100mg. Maximum therapeutic effect observed after 3 months of therapy.
In acute myocardial infarction is usually prescribed 300mg of the drug once at the beginning of treatment, then switching to the use of a drug 75mg once daily in combination with acetylsalicylic acid. When treating patients over the age of 75 years, the drug starts with 75mg of the drug 1 time per day, skipping the loading dose of the drug at the beginning of therapy. Duration of treatment for at least 4 weeks.
Data on the need for dose adjustment of the drug in patients with impaired liver function and / or kidney disease, are absent.
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Side effects:
Using the drug clopidogrel in patients noted the development of such adverse reactions:
From the blood system: thrombocytopenia, granulocytopenia, neutropenia, anemia (including aplastic anemia), in a few cases noted the development of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura syndrome (Moshkovitsa) and Henoch-Schonlein purpura. In addition, frequently noted the development of different localization of bleeding in patients receiving the drug clopidogrel, including gastrointestinal and nasal bleeding, as well as ocular and intracranial hemorrhage
From the gastrointestinal tract and liver: stomatitis, nausea, vomiting, indigestion, pain in the epigastric region, violations of the chair, gastritis and peptic ulcers of the stomach and duodenum. In addition, the possible elevation of liver enzymes and increased levels of bilirubin in the blood.
Allergic reactions: skin rash, itching, rash, maculopapular rash, bronchospasm, angioedema.
Other: cough, arrhythmia, pulmonary embolism, fatigue, confusion, headache, fever, myalgia, arthralgia, hematuria.
With the development of side effects should stop taking the drug and call your doctor.
In the case of bleeding, including hidden, you should contact your doctor, since the drug prolongs bleeding time and increases the risk of complications from bleeding. If the observed development of abnormal bleeding, including bleeding gums, it is necessary to conduct a study of the hemostatic system, in addition, when using the drug clopidogrel is recommended to regularly monitor liver function.
Patients taking the drug clopidogrel, should inform health care workers (including dentists) of the medication.
Contraindications:
Individual hypersensitivity to the drug.
Severe liver damage, jaundice, accompanied by cholestasis.
Due to the fact that the drug contains lactose, it is not prescribed to patients with glucose-galactose malabsorption and hereditary lactase deficiency.
Clopidogrel is not used for the treatment of patients with active bleeding, including bleeding from the peptide ulcer or intracranial hemorrhage.
Clopidogrel is contraindicated during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
In connection with unproven efficacy and safety of the drug in patients under 18 years of clopidogrel should not be used in pediatrics.
Clopidogrel should be prescribed with care to patients with an increased risk of bleeding due to trauma, surgical interventions, as well as violations of the blood system.
Clopidogrel should be used with caution in patients suffering from impaired renal function and / or liver.
Do not take the drug for 7 days before the scheduled surgery.
Pregnancy:
Clopidogrel is contraindicated in pregnancy due to the fact that the safety of the drug to the fetus is not proven.
If necessary, use during lactation should solve the issue of a possible interruption of breastfeeding.
Interaction with other drugs:
The combined use of medication with acetylsalicylic acid indicated a mutual enhancement of their effect on platelet aggregation. Safety of combined treatment with these drugs for more than 12 months is not proven.
Clopidogrel should be used with caution in conjunction with heparin, but the drug clopidogrel to patients receiving heparin therapy, does not require dosage adjustment of the latter.
In the appointment of the drug to patients receiving other thrombolytic drugs, caution should be exercised.
With the simultaneous application of clopidogrel with warfarin may increase the risk of bleeding. Should not be prescribed clopidogrel for patients receiving warfarin therapy.
Clopidogrel should be prescribed with care with medications that have a high degree of association with plasma proteins.
With the simultaneous appointment of a drug with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with caution.
With the simultaneous application of the drug with antacid drugs are not observed changes in pharmacokinetic parameters of clopidogrel.
Caution must be exercised in the appointment of the drug clopidogrel patients taking inhibitors of glycoprotein IIb / IIIa.
Overdose:
In the application of excessive doses of the drug in patients there is an increase in bleeding time.
No specific antidote. In case of overdose symptomatic treatment is shown. In the case require immediate correction of the state, shows platelet transfusion.
Product:
Film-coated tablets, 10 pieces per blister, 1 or 2 blisters per carton.
Storage Conditions:
Clopidogrel is recommended that you store in a dry place away from direct sunlight at a temperature above 25 degrees Celsius.
Shelf life - 3 years.
Synonyms:
Plavix, Zilt, Agregal, Listab.
Ingredients:
1 tablet, film coated contains:
Clopidogrel bisulfate (recalculated as clopidogrel) - 75mg;
Excipients, including lactose.
Attention!
Before using the drug Clopidogrel you should consult your doctor. These operating instructions refer to a free transfer and is intended solely for information. For more information, please contact the manufacturer annotations. Buy Clopidogrel online without a prescription (no rx needed), but consult your doctor before purchasing the drug.
Jul
18
Prostatitis Terminology Glossary.
July 18, 2009 | Leave a Comment
Glossary
ACUTE - Often used to describe a disorder, or symptom, that comes on suddenly. An acute condition may or may not be severe, but it is usually of short duration.
ANDROGENS - Bodily hormones that help in the development of male sex characteristics. Testosterone is the most important of these.
ANUS - The exterior opening, through which waste products are excreted, located at the end of the digestive tract.
BACTERIA - A group of single-celled micro-organisms, many -though not all - of which cause diseases.
BENIGN - Not malignant. Characteristic of a mild illness. Recovery is likely.
BIOPSY - The removal of tissue from a patient so that it may be
studied under a microscope in order to make a precise diagnosis.
BLADDER - An elastic sac that stores urine before it is excreted from the body.
BOGGY - A term used to describe the prostate when it is swollen, spongy and soft.
CANCER - A group of diseases in which symptoms are due to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells creating a cellular tumour. These cells can spread throughout the body through the bloodstream or the lymphatic system.
CAPSULE - The structure in which an item, such as the prostate, is enclosed.
CATHETER - A hollow, flexible, surgical tube that is used to drain or inject fluid. It is used, in particular, to drain urine via the urethra from the bladder.
CAT SCAN (CT SCAN) - A diagnostic imaging technique using X-rays and computer technology to provide cross-sectional pictures of the body.
CHLAMYDIA - A group of non-bacterial infections in the urethra and genital tract, and one of the most common sexually-transmitted diseases.
CHRONIC - A chronic condition is one that persists fora long time (sometimes in spite of treatment).
CYSTOSCOPE - A lighted viewing instrument that is inserted up the urethra in order to examine the urethra and the bladder.
DYSURIA - Pain on passing urine.
EJACULATION - The act of emission of semen from the penis.
ENZYME - A protein that regulates the rate of a chemical reaction in the body. Every cell in the body produces various enzymes.
ERECTION - The stiffening, hardening and elevation that occur in the penis in response to sexual arousal.
FREQUENCY - The need to urinate at short intervals.
GENITALS - The reproductive organs - both male and female, both internal and external.
GENITO-URINARY - Referring to a man’s or woman’s reproductive and urinary tract.
GLAND - A group of specialised cells that manufacture and release certain chemicals, including hormones and enzymes, for use in the body.
HAEMATURIA - Blood in the urine.
HAEMOSPERMIA - Blood in the seminal fluid.
HESITANCY - Slowness to start the initial urinary flow.
HORMONE - A chemical that is released into the bloodstream by a particular gland or tissue and which has a specific effect on tissues elsewhere in the body.
HYPERPLASIA - Cell proliferation.
HYPERTROPHY - The excessive, abnormal growth of an organ.
IMPOTENCE - Inability to achieve a good enough erection for sexual intercourse.
INCONTINENCE, URINARY - Inability to control the passing of urine.
INTERMITTENCY - Stopping and starting the flow of urine, often resulting in an inability to empty the bladder completely.
INTRAVENOUS PYELOGRAM (IVP) - Also known as urography.
• diagnostic procedure for taking X-ray pictures of the urinary tract.
• dye - or, to give its proper name, a radio-opaque medium - is injected intravenously into the bloodstream, which then shows up on X-rays when it is excreted by the kidneys, ureter and bladder.
KIDNEYS - Two small organs located on either side of the spinal column. Impurities in the blood are removed in the kidneys and dissolved to form urine.
LASER - An acronym, which stands for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Laser beams, which are concentrations of light and heat, can be used to cut, and are now being employed increasingly in surgery.
LIBIDO - Sexual desire.
MALIGNANT - Not benign. Cancerous, with the ability to invade other tissues, and to spread, or metastasise, throughout the body.
METASTASIS - A resulting cancer that has spread from another part of the body. Metastases are spread by the bloodstream or the lymph system.
MID-STREAM URINE (MSU) - A urine sample is taken mid-way in the flow of urination - neither at the beginning nor at the end, which gives less opportunity for contamination from surrounding tissues. This gives the best sample for culture or analysis.
NOCTURIA - The urge to urinate during the night, which wakes you up and means you have to get up to go to the toilet. Normally, the kidneys will produce less urine during the night when you are asleep, and the bladder will not signal that it is full until the morning. If the bladder is irritable, however, or if there is residual urine left over in the bladder, a man will be woken by the sensation of a full bladder.
ORCHIDECTOMY - The surgical removal of one or both testicles.
ORGASM - The ultimate climax of the sexual act. In a man, ejaculation normally occurs at this point.
PEAK URINE FLOW - The maximum urine flow that a man can produce, measured in millilitres per second.
PERINEUM - The area between the scrotum and anus.
PROSCAR (Finasteride) - A popular prosratitis treatment prescription drug. You can buy it online without a prescription. Generic Proscar is available in 5mg pills. Purchase Finasteride (generic Proscar) at a very affordable price.
PROSTATECTOMY - The surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland.
PROSTATE GLAND - Male gland, about the size of a chestnut, through which the urethra, or urinary pipe, passes.
RADIATION - Energy that is emitted in the form of waves or particles of light. Used in medicine for both diagnosis and treatment.
RADIOTHERAPY - The use of radiation in medicine for the treatment of disease, usually cancer.
RESECTOSCOPE - A surgical instrument that allows the surgeon to see inside the urethra and is used in a transurethral prostatectomy (TURP).
SCROTUM - The pouch at a man’s crotch containing the testicles.
SEMEN - The fluid that is produced by the male on ejaculation.
SEMINAL FLUID - The fluid that is emitted by the penis when a man ejaculates.
SECRETIONS - The manufacture and release by a gland, cell or organ of chemical substances.
SEXUALLY-TRANSMITTED DISEASE - One of the many diseases that can be transmitted through sexual relations. Used to be known as venereal disease.
SITZ BATH - A sit-down bath, which can be beneficial to people suffering from rectal and urinary problems.
SPERM - The male sex cell produced by the testes, also known as spermatozoon (singular) or spermatozoa (plural), which can fertilise the female egg, or ovum.
STERILITY - The inability of a man to father children.
TESTICLES - A man’s two reproductive glands located in his scrotum. The testicles produce sperm and androgens (primarily testosterone).
ULTRASOUND - Also known as sonography. A diagnostic technique in which very high frequency sound waves are passed into the body, and reflected echoes are analysed to build up a picture of the internal organs. The procedure is entirely safe, and quite painless.
URETHRA- Urinary pipe which passes through the penis, through which urine passes from the bladder to the outside. Seminal fluids also pass through the urethra during ejaculation.
URINARY FLOW RATE - How quickly urine is voided from the bladder at the peak of urination. If the urinary flow is weaker than normal, it may indicate that there is some urethral obstruction.
URINE - The pale yellow fluid produced by the kidneys, which is excreted four the body via the bladder and the urethra.
URINE CULTURE - The study of a sample of urine to allow the growth of micro-organisms. This allows a urinary tract infection to be identified.
UROLOGIST - Doctor specialising in disorders of the urinary tract and the male genital tract.
VASECTOMY - Male sterilisation, performed by cutting through the vas deferens on each side of the body, which carry sperm from the testicles to the urethra.
X-RAY - Probably the best known of all imaging techniques, first discovered by Wilhelm Konrad Rbntgen in 1895. It is a useful diagnostic procedure, using electromagnetic radiations of short wave length, which produce high-quality images of bones, organs and internal tissues.